Preparing for an outdoor adventure includes knowing what to do when encountering wildlife, particularly those that can cause significant physical harm. Moose attacks are no joke, and you should know how to handle them before heading out into the wild. 

Moose Basics

As the largest species of the deer family and the tallest animal in North America, moose are majestic and intimidating creatures. They can grow to be 7 feet tall and 9 feet long, and weigh well over 1100 pounds. Males are called bulls and females are called cows. Bulls carry grand, palmated antlers that they shed and regrow yearly. These bony protrusions help show their dominance and attract cows during mating season. 

Despite their enormous size, moose are what you’d call gentle giants. They have a generally passive demeanor, strolling through their habitats and munching on plants and tree bark. You’ll mostly find them in the northern regions of the U.S., predominantly in Maine and Alaska, as well as throughout Canada. 

The Rise of Moose Attacks

While moose are typically docile creatures, certain triggers can provoke them into defensive or aggressive behavior. The last thing you want is a 7-foot-tall animal with giant antlers charging at you. There are several reasons why this might occur. 

Bulls typically become more aggressive during mating season in late September and October. During this period, slight provocations can cause them to get confrontational and even hostile. In the early spring, cows can also display threatening behaviors when protecting their young calves. If you see a calf on its own, tread carefully as you may have come between it and its mother — not a good place to be.

Hunger can also make moose more dangerous and more likely to attack, though this pretty much applies to any large animal you encounter in the wild. 

Human-Moose Conflicts

Every year, reports of moose attacks on humans emerge, underscoring the need for proper precautions. 

Conflicts often arise when humans and moose share the same space, particularly in areas where human development encroaches on moose habitats. These hostilities can result from accidental encounters or instances where moose feel cornered by human presence. Urban expansion, habitat loss and increased human activity in wilderness areas can escalate tensions.

Being large and powerful animals, moose can pose a threat to humans if they feel provoked or perceive a potential danger. One dangerous thing about them is they’re largely unafraid of humans, unlike other deer species. For this reason, they’re just as likely to charge at you as ignore your presence. 

The probability of a moose encounter going wrong isn’t as high as that of a bear. Nevertheless, while moose attacks are nowhere near as deadly as grizzly bear confrontations, they’re generally more frequent. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, moose pose a greater threat of causing injury than bears because of their large numbers close to certain habited areas.

Dog-Provoked Aggression

You’ll want to be extra careful when hiking or camping in moose country with a dog. Moose dislike dogs because they bark loudly at them, causing agitation. If your furry friend runs up to a moose, barks at it and runs back to you, it will likely charge at both of you. 

Reading Moose Body Language

An agitated moose preparing to attack will often present a number of telltale signs. Before venturing into their territory, you should know how to read these body signals. 

According to experts, the clearest indication of aggression is if the animal sticks its tongue out and starts licking its mouth. No, this doesn’t mean the moose is relishing the thought of feasting on you. Moose use their tongues to collect the scent of the threat and size it up. When you see this, chances are it is prepping to trample or gore you with its antlers. 

Other signs to look for include low-pinned ears, raised hair on the neck and bulging eyeballs. These serve as a warning that the animal is uncomfortable with your presence and is likely considering a fight-or-flight response.

What to Do if a Moose Attacks You

If a moose begins to act aggressively toward you, follow these steps to increase your chances of survival and minimize injuries.

1. Stay calm: Try to remain as calm as possible. Given the sheer size of the animal and its sharp antlers, this is obviously easier said than done. However, panicking will only worsen the situation by preventing you from thinking clearly. 
2. Create distance: If possible, slowly back away from the moose while watching its movements. You want to put distance between yourself and the animal while showing that you’re no threat. 
3. Seek cover: If the moose continues to charge or attack, run as fast as you can in the opposite direction. Look for cover behind a large tree, rock or other solid object that can provide adequate protection. Being out of the animal’s sight may calm it down enough for it to lose interest in the pursuit. 
4. Protect your head and vital organs: If the moose knocks you down, curl into a ball with your hands protecting your head and neck. This position can help minimize injuries from hooves or antlers. In some cases, playing dead may deter further aggression from the moose. Stay still and avoid making sudden movements until the animal loses interest.
5. Seek medical attention: Even if you believe your injuries are minor after the attack, seek medical attention promptly. Moose attacks can cause serious injuries that may not be immediately apparent.

The Role of Habitat Loss in Increased Moose Aggression

With their natural habitats dwindling, moose are forced to live closer to human settlements, agricultural lands and recreational areas. This environmental pressure can trigger stress and territorial behavior in moose, heightening the likelihood of confrontations with humans. Imagine vast forests giving way to urban sprawl, pushing moose populations into smaller, fragmented habitats where they must compete for resources and space. 

Moose-vehicle collisions are a particularly concerning implication as they seem to occur more frequently. The National Park Service estimates accidents involving various deer species account for around 440 human deaths and 59,000 injuries yearly. 

Consequently, conservation efforts must prioritize wildlife habitat preservation, restoration and corridor connectivity — providing seamless access to woodlands and forests in human-populated areas. Implementing the necessary changes for moose to thrive in their natural environment can help mitigate conflicts and promote coexistence.

Avoid Moose Attacks During Your Next Adventure 

Nothing ruins an outdoor expedition quicker than a wildlife attack, especially from one of the largest animals on the planet with big, strong antlers. Take care to understand and respect these animals’ behaviors, maintain a safe distance in the wild and avoid actions that could agitate or startle them.

The post Surviving Moose Attacks: What You Need To Know Before Your Next Adventure appeared first on Modded.

At 20,310 feet above sea level, Mount Denali in Alaska has the distinct honor of being the highest mountain in North America. Set against a backdrop of brilliant blue sky and towering glaciers, its imposing stature makes even the most experienced climbers skittish. For many, the toughness of the challenge makes the victory more satisfying. Having this mindset is key if you’re going to take on the snow-covered peaks of Denali.

The mountain has everything — treacherous terrain, extreme weather, fixed lines, steep altitudes — the whole roster. You want to make sure you’re well-prepared for your expedition. So here are the eight most essential prep tips to help you train adequately for your journey. 

1. Get Your Experience Up 

Hiking up the highest mountain in North America requires a ton of practical mountaineering experience. Thousands of people sign up yearly, with only a 53% success rate for the average individual. Glacier travel is no joke and you’ll need to acquire ample experience with ascending and descending glaciated peaks to prepare for this climb better. 

Improving your technical climbing skills is also imperative, especially regarding route finding and crevasse rescue procedures. You’ll find many professional courses covering essentials like fixed-line climbing and self-arrest techniques to work your way up Denali’s challenging topography. 

2. Pre-Acclimatize Before Your Trip

Denali is a super cold place. The mountain is located in the Denali National Park and Preserve, a massive expanse spanning 6.1 million acres with arctic-type conditions almost year round. This expedition environment can be unforgiving, especially to the uninitiated. You must build up your adaptability to winter camping and traversing at high altitudes. 

Professional guide services require climbers to have good acclimatization before they can embark on the expedition. While many online resources and prep programs exist, practical experience remains the best teacher. Go on numerous training climbs on more accessible snowy peaks, gradually building up to longer exposures at increasing altitudes. Generally, it takes 1-3 days for the body to acclimatize at a particular altitude. Your body has to re-acclimatize as you ascend. 

3. Get in Prime Mountaineering Shape 

Hamstrings, muscle cramps and altitude sickness will dampen your climb. You must be in peak physical and mental condition to America’s highest mountain. If you haven’t hiked in a while, you might want to start doing strength training, increasing the tempo as you progress. 

Even if you travel frequently, engage in physical activities to prepare your body for the trek. The National Park Service recommends training with a 40-70 lb backpack, which you’ll carry across uneven terrain for 6-8 hours. There’s also work to be done setting up camp and implementing safety measures, so improving your endurance is crucial. 

4. Learn How to Ride on Sleds 

Don’t just come to Denali for the climb. Familiarize yourself with the terrain and take some time to enjoy the breathtaking scenery all around you. Dog mushing is Alaska’s state sport and offers one of the best ways to explore the park. Authorized guide services may provide sledding services and safety lessons. There’s also an on-site kennel where you can meet the dogs and cuddle the puppies — another highlight to your unforgettable trip. 

You’ll use sleds to haul your gear up the mountain when the proper climb begins. However, these will be attached to your waist. Hiking up snowy trails while dragging a heavy pack is physically demanding and risky. You must know the basics of distributing weight evenly from front to back and having redundant attachments to provide immediate backup if one attachment point fails. 

5. Invest in High-Quality Gear 

Minor details such as your jacket zipper and equipment buckles can greatly impact your mountain climbing experience. High-quality gear is more durable under extreme conditions and can often be a lifesaver during your hike. 

Pack lots of layered clothing and double-insulated boots to keep warm at all times — the risks of hypothermia and frostbite increase the higher you climb. Remember to personally test every piece of equipment and redundancies before embarking on the climb. 

6. Take the Well-Beaten Path 

Denali’s least technical ascent route is fraught with complexity enough, so there’s hardly any need to overcomplicate things by selecting a more challenging path. Plus, more people sign up for the route with the most minor climbing difficulties, so reaching the minimum size for travel groups is quicker. According to the park records, over 90% of Mount Denali hikers climb through the West Buttress pass. 

7.  Know Your Limits

You know your body best. Don’t overexert to the point of endangering yourself or others. If you’re having problems, notify the hike leader right away. Many climbers experience headaches, blurry vision and fatigue during the journey. These tend to subside as they acclimate to the altitude and get some rest. However, worsening symptoms might indicate Acute Mountain Sickness, requiring you to return to lower elevations immediately.

Make sure you eat enough. Your nutrient reserves deplete faster during exertion, so you need lots of calorie-rich foods to keep your energy levels up. 

8. Enhance Team Dynamics and Communication 

The highest mountain in North America is a global monument, attracting adventurers and thrill seekers worldwide. Since 2022, 34% of climbers at Denali have come from outside the U.S., so expect a diverse climb team with varying individual cultural backgrounds and philosophies. However, once the climb commences, these differences take a secondary role. Summiting Denali demands teamwork, communication and a relaxed attitude. 

You’re climbing as a group and you need to trust each other and cultivate a supportive environment. Keep to agreed timelines and maintain a commitment to safety. Lastly, lend a helping hand as needed. It could be you who needs the extra assistance the next day. 

Conquer the Highest Mountain in the U.S.

Denali stands tall and majestic, overlooking the pristine Alaskan wilderness. The mountain poses the ultimate challenge, daring the bravest climbers to attempt its summit. Going on such a high-altitude hike is one of life’s most exhilarating experiences, so ensure you’re well-prepped for the journey. Let these tips be a starting point in your preparations for the achievement of a lifetime.

The post 8 Prep Tips for Hiking the Highest Mountain in North America appeared first on Modded.

Many animals naturally produce toxins to defend themselves and incapacitate their prey. From fish to birds, poisonous animals come in all shapes, sizes and colors.  

It’s important to highlight the distinction between poisonous and venomous. While both terms are often used interchangeably, they’re not the same. What makes them different is the method of delivery. If you ingest, inhale or absorb the toxin on your skin, it’s poisonous. If the toxin is injected into your system, either by the creature’s fangs or stingers, it’s venomous. 

With that out of the way, here are the seven most lethal animals you definitely don’t want to encounter when exploring the great outdoors.

1. Poison Dart Frog 

Aptly named, this small and brightly patterned frog is considered the most poisonous amphibian on the planet. It secretes an extremely powerful toxin known as Batrachotoxin, which is around 250 times more potent than strychnine. Batrachotoxin attacks the brain and heart, leading to near-immediate paralysis of vital muscles. Around 136 μg is considered lethal — equivalent to about two grains of table salt. 

Endemic to the Amazonian rainforests and the subtropical regions of Central and South America, the poison dart frog is one deadly creature. These frogs use their poison solely for defense, but indigenous tribes long ago learned how to exploit this toxic resource by dipping their arrows in the poison. Hence the name dart frog. The golden poison frog (pictured above) is the most lethal species and contains enough poison to kill 10 people or 20,000 mice. 

2. Puffer Fish

You might recognize this fish as Sykes from the beloved classic Shark Tale. However, the film didn’t mention a key feature of this species — it’s the most poisonous fish in the world. Also known as blowfish, this fascinating marine creature holds a potent poison known as tetrodotoxin (TTX) in its skin, muscle tissue, liver and gonads. 

As little as 0.002 g of TTX  is enough to kill an adult human and there is no known antidote. The toxin attacks the victim’s nerve cells, causing paralysis and often death by suffocation. For some reason, puffer fish are considered a delicacy, especially in Southeast Asia. However, only licensed chefs can prepare the dish, as even the tiniest mistakes in the process can be fatal. The usual symptoms include a tingling sensation in the mouth followed by numbness, nausea, coordination problems, cardiac arrhythmia and ultimately death. 

3. Hooded Pitohui

Poisonous birds are rare, but the ones that exist can be quite deadly. The Hooded Pitohui is one such bird. Its black and orange feathers make it beautiful to look at but nasty to touch. Endemic to Papua New Guinea but may be found in surrounding regions, the Hooded Pitohui harbors homobatrachotoxin in its skin and feathers, similar to the poison secreted by dart frogs. 

Touching the bird with your bare hands can lead to numbness and a burning sensation. Prolonged exposure may be fatal, especially among children and the elderly. Scientists believe the toxin is derived from the pitouhi’s diet, which consists of certain toxic beetles. The females often rub the poison from their feathers onto their eggs to protect against snakes and other predators. 

4. Cane Toad 

These large toad species can grow to be larger than your hand. They have poison glands that produce bufotoxin, a potent milky toxin that can kill smaller animals with just a few milligrams. You’ll want to be careful with cane toads, especially if you have dogs, cats or young kids around. In a 2020 study involving 36 patients, symptoms began manifesting within two hours of ingestion. The most common signs include gastrointestinal issues, profuse salivation and a slower than normal heart rate.

Interestingly, cane toads are native to South and Central America but were introduced to Australia to control pests around sugar cane. However, their numbers quickly exploded into the millions because they lack a good amount of natural predators — in Australia, of all places. Venomous snakes, lizards and even crocodiles will die from consuming these toxic toads, so be sure to wash your hands thoroughly if you ever handle one of these creatures. 

5. Asian Tiger Snake

There are over 3,000 snake species worldwide, with many of them miscategorized as poisonous when they’re actually venomous. However, the Asian Tiger Snake, also known as the tiger keelback, is both. It can deliver venom through its fangs and secrete poison from its necks to protect itself from predators. That’s one hell of a combination as far as poisonous animals are concerned. 

What makes the tiger keelback even more impressive is that it does not make its own poison. Instead, it derives it from eating cane toads — making it one of very few species that can absorb bufotoxin without succumbing to its effects. In fact, in processing the toxin, the poison it secretes becomes even more toxic.

6. Monarch Butterfly

Butterflies are delicate and pretty, but this particular species can be highly toxic. Like most poisonous animals on this list, monarch butterflies derive their toxins from their diet, consisting mainly of milkweed plants, which contain large doses of poison. The females lay eggs on these plants and when hatched, the caterpillars feed on the leaves, taking in the toxin in their wings and abdomen. 

Monarch butterflies don’t present much risk to humans since they’re not part of the food chain. However, they can be highly toxic to birds and rodents, causing them to suffer severe gastrointestinal discomfort and muscle weakness.

7. Spanish Fly

This emerald green beetle is part of a family of blister beetles that produces a potent vesicant and irritant called cantharidin. You know how people say you can eat beetles for sustenance if you’re stranded in the woods? Well, this isn’t one of them, as the cantharidin they produce can cause ulcers, burning pain and severe bleeding in the GI tract, ultimately leading to an excruciating death. 

It can also cause priapism, but unfortunately, this is accompanied by bleeding, intense pain and all-around misery in the area. However, animals that feed on hay are the most at risk. For horses, ingesting as little as eight blistering beetles may be lethal. 

Steer Clear of Poisonous Animals

Whenever you’re outdoors, always remember the first rule of being in the wild — never touch or pick anything. Sticking to this rule will help you avoid contact with most of the animals on this list. If you accidentally come into contact with any of them, get to an emergency center or hospital for treatment immediately, as delay can be fatal.

The post 7 Poisonous Animals With the Most Lethal Toxins appeared first on Modded.

A safe room is a luxury everyone should have. Nobody can ever be too secure, so it’s better to have one and never need it than not have one in an hour of need.

People with a survivalist mindset may feel compelled to build their own safe room. They take pride in self-sufficiency and don’t shy away from getting their hands dirty. Although there’s merit in independence, there’s a time and a place to demonstrate it. Is a DIY safe room construction, conversion or addition a suitable project for do-it-yourselfers?

What Is the Purpose of a Safe Room?

The purpose of a safe room is to give people — and pets — a secure location on a property to ride out an emergency. It’s the ultimate place to wait out a destructive storm, stay in one piece when a tornado strikes, and hide during a home invasion until the authorities arrive and apprehend the intruders.

What Is the Difference Between a Safe Room and a Strong Room?

Safe rooms are for people, whereas strong rooms are for valuables. The former is synonymous with storm shelters and panic rooms. On the other hand, the latter is secure vaults housing critical legal documents, cash, gold, heirlooms and other prized assets designed to survive fires and burglaries. 

Residential and commercial properties can have both spaces, but strong rooms are a bank staple. However, a strong room may refer to a safe room outside the United States, like in Australia.

Why Are People Building Safe Rooms?

Safe room construction is gaining steam due to the perceived increase in crime. Historically, American homes were 78% safer from burglary in 2022 than in 1990 — from 1,235.9 to 269.8 cases per 100,000 people. Still, the demand for safe rooms in affluent neighborhoods is surging. 

Whatever crime data says, building a safe room is worth it. Some locations are inherently less prone to physical threats due to geography and population density, but disaster can strike without warning. A safe room is insurance — a lifeline to security, offsetting dangers when they arise.

Can Anyone Build Their Own Safe Room?

Some states permit homeowners to serve as contractors for construction projects and build their own houses. For this reason, anyone living in such a jurisdiction may apply for an owner-builder exemption and lawfully develop their own safe room without a license.

However, just because anyone can doesn’t mean they should. General contracting is a skill acquired through years of construction experience and continuous learning. The authorities require general contractors to secure a license to ply their trade for a reason. Not using a credentialed professional to oversee a safe room construction, conversion or addition project is risky.

Storm shelters and panic rooms differ from treehouses. Safe rooms have special functions, so they logically require specialized construction skills. Seasoned homebuilders without prior experience in designing and constructing such spaces are unfit for these projects.

Even FEMA recommends the services of a licensed design professional. The federal agency federal agency doesn’t consider its safe room design plans as a substitute for those of qualified construction experts.

What Are the Dangers of DIY Safe Room Projects?

DIY safe room construction projects can be counterproductive. The risks they present may defeat the purpose of building secure shelters. DIYers are prone to making these seven errors.

1. Violating Building Codes

City ordinances define building permit requirements, so they vary from municipality to municipality. Still, construction projects usually require a permit. The relevant municipal office wants to ensure everything is up to code when the job involves building a new structure or making structural, electrical or mechanical changes to an existing one.

A DIY safe room builder may have to draw up and present the design plan to the municipal authorities to ensure the project complies with local codes and ordinances. The approval process can take weeks to complete. In addition, the municipality may charge a fee of 1% of the construction cost to issue a permit.

Some DIYers dislike the bureaucracy and decide to skirt the rules, taking the risk of committing code violations. The authorities can halt the construction of unpermitted work and slap homeowners with a fine. The municipality may order a noncompliant safe room’s demolition if a qualified contractor doesn’t address the infractions and complete the project.

If a do-it-yourselfer does pull a permit, the chances of violating the local building code remain high. One significant mistake can be expensive, so the risks of taking this route outweigh the rewards.

2. Choosing the Wrong Location

FEMA considers below-ground safe rooms to be just as reliable as above-ground ones. This statement is good news to DIYers considering converting their basements.

However, safe room construction experts believe underground storm shelters and panic rooms are a terrible idea. The basement is an undesirable at-home fortress because it’s dim and depressing, especially when it’s windowless. It may disrupt phone signals and cause more anxiety than comfort during a crisis.

3. Undervaluing Comfort

Many DIY safe room builders focus only on function and disregard form. Comfort is paramount because there’s no telling when occupants must use the space.

A storm shelter or panic room is safer than the rest of the house during an emergency. Still, it can feel claustrophobic and stifling when designed like a cage. Outfitting it with critical amenities — such as bunk beds, independently powered communication systems and infrared surveillance cameras — is necessary to help ease the negative emotions its occupants may experience instead of compounding them.

4. Leaving Unsafe Entry Points

Do-it-yourselfers trying to cut costs may resort to reinforcing existing doors with manipulable materials. Countless DIY tutorials prove it can be done, and therein lies the problem. Entrance reinforcement that can be set up by anyone can be just as easily dismantled by someone else. An impregnable safe room must have a steel-framed security door installed with expertise. It also needs extra reinforcement to ensure impenetrability during a home invasion. 

Regular windows can shatter in the face of a violent hurricane. Store-bought ones can’t bear the brunt of menacing weather, endangering safe room occupants when they break. Custom security windows are the way to go. These units meet the stringent certification requirements in hurricane-prone areas to withstand up to 110 mph wind speeds and impact. Their installers are adept at strengthening wall openings to support their considerable weight.

5. Reinforcing Walls Inadequately

Bulletproofing may be low on the agenda of DIYers whose properties have solid walls. Although concrete, brick and stucco can stop bullets, being complacent can have dire consequences.

Applying a sprayable and plasterable reinforcement material is worthwhile. It can boost a safe room’s resistance to high-velocity projectiles without looking tacky. Such a product can also be money-saving because it saves the existing walls.

6. Passing up Biometrics

Advanced locking systems can provide peace of mind, but sophisticated burglars can still jimmy them with the right tools. Adding another layer of security in the form of biometrics can prevent unauthorized panic room access. This technology still needs improvement, but biometric devices now have a 97.25% accuracy in scanning ears.

Biometric equipment installation is generally beyond the capabilities of do-it-yourselfers. It can complicate the safe room project but is worth the extra expense and time.

Are You Ready to Get Started?

Building a safe room from scratch can be fulfilling. Still, not opting for professional construction services is unnecessary risk-taking. A project meant to provide refuge in a life-and-death situation leaves no room for venturesomeness, so take advantage of all help available to avoid regret.

The post Homebrewed Security: Can You Build Your Own DIY Safe Room? appeared first on Modded.

Homesteading is an old term enjoying a renaissance. Although modern homesteaders differ from their original counterparts, they continue to represent freedom and independence.

So, what is homesteading? Learn about this attractive lifestyle, understand why it’s in vogue and discover how healthy, money-saving and financially rewarding it can be.

What Is the Homesteading Lifestyle?

Homesteading is about self-sufficient living. Homesteaders have different sets of values, but most love the idea of producing their food. Some take it further and generate their electricity. Others aspire to break away from the financial system and barter for what they need.

This lifestyle is synonymous with living off the grid, although you can be a homesteader in urban and rural areas where you continue to use public utilities. Living in the boondocks to pursue a life of self-sufficiency and sustainability requires more skills — such as water filtration and purification, food preservation, wood harvesting and campfire building — since survival is the top priority.

In the past, homesteading had a different meaning. It used to be about taking advantage of the Homestead Act of 1862, which allowed United States citizens to claim up to 160 acres of public land in the American West in exchange for a small registration. The caveat was they had to live on and farm their plot. After five years, they received entitlement to the property free and clear.

The federal government gave away more than 270 million acres of land. However, many homesteaders failed because of low land arability, farming inexperience and harsh weather. Some declared bankruptcy and abandoned their claim altogether.

Homesteading ended in most of the U.S. after the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 came into effect. This new policy exempted Alaska, allowing the Last Frontier to permit homesteading for another 10 years.

Why Is Homesteading Becoming So Popular?

Homesteading is becoming so popular because of the millennials. Being the first generation overwhelmed by modern technology, many born from 1980 to 1994 yearn for simple living.

Moreover, the millennials have lived through the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID pandemic, so they’re no strangers to hardship.

The combination of these factors has shaped this dominant group’s unique worldview. If you belong to this generation, the modern homesteading lifestyle may resonate with you. The thought of depending on yourself and living off your resources may be more comforting than trusting the system to take care of you.

Furthermore, the growing push for environmental sustainability makes homesteading appealing and trendy. Experiencing social isolation and seeing bare shelves at grocery stores during the pandemic have been eye-openers for many adults and affected their priorities.

Unlike extreme off-grid living, homesteading is doable anywhere. Urbanites and suburbanites can get their feet wet without moving, selling their homes, parting with most of their material possessions, and giving up most modern conveniences. Without hard and fast rules to follow, you can be a homesteader without drastically changing your lifestyle.

What Is an Example of Homesteading?

Gardening is homesteading 101. Dedicating a section of your yard to growing crops — like potatoes, tomatoes, turnips, onions, cabbages, radishes and pumpkins — is a tried-and-true step toward living more sustainably.

Only some have a green thumb, so you must develop vital gardening skills to succeed. Those you should learn and master include watering, sunlight tracking, soil analysis, composting, mulching, pruning, seed saving, plant propagation and transplanting.

Another example of homesteading is scratch cooking. Shunning processed ingredients and pre-assembled meal components and using fresh veggies, fruits, herbs and spices, whole grains and raw proteins is a simple yet empowering way to be self-reliant. Cooking your food from scratch also ensures your family eats nutritious and tasty meals.

Home brewing is also a form of self-sufficiency. Making your beer can be a painful process even when you have the proper tools, like a refractometer, the Emily Bottle Capper and hopsulators. Once you whip up a successful batch, it’s rewarding.

Is Homesteading a Healthy Lifestyle?

Homesteading is a healthy lifestyle because it involves doing things yourself. The more self-sufficient you are, the more you get your hands dirty. Not outsourcing tasks can be exhausting, but tending your garden and rearing livestock is the opposite of sedentary.

Walking and stretching your body for hours is aerobic exercise, which can:

• Increase your heart rate.
• Enhance your lung function.
• Make your blood sugar manageable.
• Strengthen your bones.
• Build your muscles.
• Improve your balance.
• Boost your flexibility.
• Keep you cognitively active.

If you watch your diet, you’ll burn more calories than you consume and stay fit. Homesteading also emphasizes healthy eating since it inspires you to grow food organically.

Does Homesteading Really Save Money?

Homesteading can be money-saving, depending on where you want to be self-sufficient. It can cut down your costs in specific aspects of your life. It can reduce your grocery and utility expenses.

If you develop home maintenance skills, you can be a do-it-yourselfer. Doing home repairs instead of hiring a professional can keep your bank account green, provided that you secure permits when necessary and ensure your property remains up to code.

Homesteading can be time-consuming, so dedicating most of your time to pursue your self-sufficiency journey may require you to give up your day job and find new income streams. Earning less shouldn’t be a big deal as long as you live minimally.

How Do Homesteaders Make Money?

Selling agricultural products is the most common way homesteaders make money. This source of revenue is feasible only when you can produce more food than your household needs and profit from your excess resources, so you must be an efficient gardener or farmer and have business acumen.

Teaching others your skills is an avenue worth exploring. Conducting in-person or online classes for aspiring homesteaders can be a lucrative venture. Writing a book and starting a blog are worthwhile endeavors to impart your knowledge and enjoy financial rewards.

Vlogging is another promising source of income. Being a successful content creator requires a charming personality, decent oratory skills, stellar video production capabilities and excellent marketing chops.

Why Is Homesteading a Good Idea?

Homesteading is a good idea to begin a life of self-sufficiency. Unlike off-grid living, urban and suburban homesteading has few risks, so failing at it won’t permanently change your life for the worse.

Besides, you can choose what kind of a homesteader you want. You can make minor lifestyle adjustments if you wish to get started.

Enjoy a Life of Self-Sufficiency Through Homesteading

Being self-sufficient has trade-offs, but its positives outnumber and outweigh the negatives. Start your homesteading journey sooner rather than later to experience the freedom and independence this lifestyle entails.

The post What Is Homesteading? The Pursuit of Self-Sufficiency appeared first on Modded.

Have you ever wondered how to pick a lock? Maybe you accidentally locked yourself out of the house or maybe you just want to be like a cool spy in the movies. Whatever your motivation, lockpicking is actually a very useful skill when you’re not intending to use it for crime. Anyone can learn how to pick a lock, too. This guide will show you how and cover the tools you need. 

Lockpicking Tools

You may have seen guys pick locks with nothing but a bobby pin or a paperclip in the movies, but that’s not how it works in real life. Sure, it’s possible to pick a lock with these improvisational tools, but it’s far from easy. 

Most people use a purpose-built lock picking kit instead. These are usually pretty affordable. For instance, you can get a complete set of beginner tools with a leather case for about $30 or even a handy wallet-sized set for only $7 on Amazon. 

It’s worth noting that you don’t need any kind of special permit to have a lockpick set. At minimum, your set should have a tension wrench and a rake or pick. Some lockpick sets include a variety of rakes with different shapes and tips, but this variety is mostly just for personal preference, not different types of locks. 

Before getting started, it’s important to take a good look at the lock you want to practice on. It’s a good idea to choose an indoor lock so your neighbors don’t think you’re a burglar! Additionally, don’t practice on a frozen or rusted lock since these can get stuck even with the actual key. You may be able to save a rusted lock with some WD-40 or another lubricant, though. 

If you want to get into sport or recreational lockpicking, it might also be worth it to get a practice lock. These cool locks are see-through so you can see what’s going on inside the lock when you’re trying to pick it, such as the movement of the pins. These are fun to learn with and they can be as cheap as $20 or less. 

How to Pick a Lock: 3 Steps

For this guide, we’ll cover the steps to pick a standard pin cylinder lock. This is the most common type of lock in the world by a long shot, although there are a variety of other types. Most doors and padlocks use a pin cylinder lock. 

This type of lock essentially consists of two stacked rows of metal pins. The top row have springs that allow them to push down on the bottom row, which are all cut off at different heights. When the lower pins line up at a common point called the “shear line”, the lock can turn and open. That’s what the different sized notches in a key are for. 

Picking a lock is all about getting the pins to line up at that shear line so you can turn the lock. If even one pin isn’t lined up, it won’t work. Remember, learning how to pick a lock takes practice, so don’t get down if you don’t get it to work on the first try. 

1. Insert Tension Wrench

The first step is to get your tension wrench in place. On most locks, you simply push it into the bottom-most or outermost notch in the lock. Without anything else in the lock, the tension wrench should not be able to move much, if at all. You may even be able to push so hard it bends (but don’t do that!). Hold the tension wrench in place and grab your rake. 

2. Insert Rake

The rake goes in the middle part of the lock above the tension wrench. The rake’s job is to move the pins into the right position. When you put it in the keyhole, you should be able to feel the rake move the pins around slightly. 

3. Apply Light Tension While Aligning Rake

The last step is the trickiest. Now that you have the tension wrench and rake in place, you have to get the pins lined up so you can open the lock. You simply have to wiggle the rake around to adjust the pins. It can help if you have a see-through practice lock, but you won’t have that luxury on most locks. 

As you wiggle the rake around, gently push on the tension wrench. You’ll know you got all of the pins lined up when the tension wrench finally moves, allowing you to open the lock. Don’t apply constant pressure, though. This can work against you by making it harder to move the pins. Instead, lightly press on the wrench every few seconds. 

Lockpicking FAQs

While learning how to pick a lock, you might have some questions about how it works and what you can and can’t do with a lockpick. Here are a few of the most common questions beginners have. 

Is Lockpicking Legal?

A lot of guys don’t try to learn how to pick a lock because they’re worried it’s against the law. However, this isn’t really the case. Picking a lock to break into someone’s house, car or property is definitely illegal. However, sport lockpicking for fun isn’t a crime. Just make sure you’re only picking locks you have permission to open. 

Can You Lockpick a Car Door?

One reason you might want to learn how to pick a lock is if you get locked out of your car. As annoying as that situation is, picking the lock isn’t always possible. For one thing, modern cars don’t use pin cylinder locks. Plus, a lot of cars use electronic locks that can sense when the key fob is missing, preventing you from opening the door anyway. 

There are lockpick tools for opening car doors, but it’s definitely more challenging than picking a padlock. It’s best to just call a professional if you get locked out of your car. 

Can You Pick a Lock With a Paperclip?

When a lot of guys are wondering how lockpicking works, it’s because they’re hoping to do it with a paperclip like a spy. This is definitely a cool trick, but it’s not easy. It is possible, though. If you find yourself in a situation where you don’t have access to lockpicking tools, you can use a paperclip or bobby pin to replicate the functions of a tension wrench and rake. 

Picking Locks: A Fun and Practical Skill

Contrary to popular belief, you don’t have to be a criminal or a spy to know how to pick a lock. Lockpicking isn’t illegal on its own, either. As long as you’re not using it to access someone’s home or property without permission, lockpicking is safe and legal. Plus, knowing how to lockpick can come in handy if you ever get locked out of the house or lose a key.

The post How to Pick a Lock: Quick-Start Steps, Tools and FAQs appeared first on Modded.

Gorillas and bears are two of the most majestic creatures on Earth. Although they roam in different circles, imagining what would happen in a battle between these two is fascinating. Which one would be easier for humans to elude in a fight? You can’t take on either of them without serious help, but planning a strategy is fun. Let’s look at the silverback gorilla vs. grizzly bear debate and see which one comes out on top.

Silverback Gorilla Vs. Grizzly Bear: The Primary Differences

Gorillas and grizzly bears are animals neither of us want to anger. However, each of these animals has significant physical and social differences. Let’s walk through the primary differences and see how each fares.

Height

Let’s start with how tall each animal is. Your typical silverback gorilla will grow to be about 5’5” when standing up. However, some creatures can get up to six feet tall when standing up, approaching the height of the male human. 

In contrast, grizzly bears are much taller. A male grizzly bear typically gets to around five feet tall on all fours. When standing up, the Grizzlies are a much different fight, clocking in at nine feet tall on their hind legs! Considering their unstoppable height, it’s a shame none of the grizzly bears could play for the Memphis Grizzlies in the NBA. 

Weight

When a male gorilla steps onto the scale, the machine will say between 300 and 500 pounds for a male, whereas the female gorillas weigh about 150 to 250 pounds. The range seems broad because a gorilla’s weight depends on its species, age, diet and other factors. For example, captivity can make gorillas much larger. Reportedly, a gorilla in St. Louis, Missouri, weighed over 850 pounds! 

Weight is another category where the grizzly bears tower over silverback gorillas. Your average male grizzly bear can reach approximately 860 pounds in the wild, while female grizzlies typically max out around 455 pounds. While 860 is the average weight, these behemoths can exceed 1,000 pounds at their largest. Most brown bears in North America reach a maximum of 1,150 pounds if they’re bulking up for winter. 

You may think grizzlies are the most giant bears in the world, but two bears have them beat — the Kodiak and polar bears. Each creature lives far up north in and around the Arctic Circle.

Strength

Strength is a metric that’s slightly harder to measure. However, it’s worth mentioning because both creatures are powerful. Let’s start with the silverback gorilla because these creatures are insanely strong. According to Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a silverback gorilla can lift over 1,760 pounds (around 800 kg) of dead weight. Since an average silverback gorilla weighs around 430 pounds, that means they’re lifting over four times their body weight.

Put it in perspective by thinking about automobiles. The average smart car weighs about 1,500 pounds without a driver, so the strongest gorillas wouldn’t have much trouble picking one up. 

So how much can a grizzly bear lift? Your average grizzly bear can lift around 700 pounds (a little over 300 kg) and bring about 600 pounds of force if they swipe your face. A grizzly bear lifts around 0.8 times its body weight of around 875 pounds. Bigger typically means stronger, but the grizzly bear doesn’t match up in strength.

That doesn’t mean grizzlies are weak by any stretch of the imagination. You wouldn’t want to see other of these angry animals in the wild. 

Diet

Gorillas and grizzlies are giant animals stronger than the average human. Yes, even the guys who are bulking can’t match up to a silverback gorilla or a grizzly bear. 

Gorillas are herbivores that snack on plants all day. In fact, the average male gorilla eats about 45 pounds of food daily, and female gorillas eat about 30 pounds. On an average day, they’ll eat leaves, fruit, shrubs and anything else they can get their hands on. 

Grizzlies are similar in that they enjoy eating berries and other wild fruits. However, their tendency to eat meat makes them an omnivore. Grizzlies will eat fish, with many waiting on salmon as they swim up the river. You may occasionally see bears get their meat from deer, moose and other large mammals of the forest. 

Silverback Gorilla Vs. Grizzly Bear: Where to Spot Them

If a silverback gorilla and a grizzly bear were to duke it out, the setting would be a significant factor. While these creatures are large and majestic, their typical whereabouts could not be more different. Let’s look at where you can find these animals. 

Silverback Gorilla Locations

Finding a silverback gorilla requires traveling to Africa — specifically the central section of the continent. You can find large swaths of gorillas near the Congo Basin, but lowering population numbers have threatened their existence here. Experts say they could leave the area permanently due to low birth rates. However, governments and conservationists have carved designated areas to protect gorillas. 

Gorillas are unique because you can’t find them elsewhere outside Africa. Depending on where you look, you can find different subspecies, such as the western, eastern and mountain gorilla. Some live in marshes and swamps, thus earning the name lowland gorilla. In contrast, others live in mountainous areas with high elevations.

Grizzly Bear Locations

Grizzly Bears, on the other hand, are much easier to find worldwide. In fact, there’s a good chance you’ll find one if you visit Denali National Park and Preserve in Alaska. The park has 6 million acres of grizzly bears, reindeer and other unforgettable animals. Besides Alaska, you can find grizzly bears in Montana, Wyoming, Idaho and other states out West. 

While the grizzly bears come from North America, you can find some of their relatives in other northern countries. For instance, the Ussuri brown bear is common in Russia, China, Japan and Korea.

Determining the Silverback Gorilla Vs. Grizzly Bear Winner

Considering their massive differences, a silverback gorilla vs. grizzly bear fight can’t occur in the wild. However, we can imagine what would happen if they dueled. 

A silverback gorilla can lift more than a grizzly bear, but grizzlies would still win in most scenarios based on sheer size and incredibly sharp claws. Also, let’s factor in grizzlies have experience fighting other mammals. Gorillas are herbivores and won’t have the same instincts, so that’s another advantage for the grizzlies. The only thing slowing down a grizzly bear would be its lack of agility. 

In an open space, the gorilla could find some tactical maneuvers and give itself a chance. However, the grizzly bear would be a much better bet due to its size and skill set. The average human would have an easier time against a gorilla, but they’d quickly succumb to either animal.

The post Silverback Gorilla vs. Grizzly Bear: The Ultimate Showdown appeared first on Modded.

Although bear attacks are rare, you must be familiar with their behaviors and signs of aggression. A bear encounter can either go well or turn sour, depending on the bear’s mood and situation. The number one rule is to always observe and admire from a distance. And if the bear comes to you you? You will be glad you know exactly what to do if a black bear approaches you.

Here is a step-by-step guide on safe bear encounters: 

Step 1: Identify the bear 

Before the bear gets too close, you must do a quick ID. This determines your next actions if it moves closer or feels threatened and attacks – a rare occurrence but one you should be prepared for. 

Considering grizzly bears are known to be 20 times more dangerous than black bears, you need to know the right thing to do. The general rule for bear encounters is, “If it’s black fight back, if it’s brown (grizzly) lay down”. A black bear will leave you alone if it feels threatened, while a grizzly bear will leave if there’s no threat. 

Although they are called black bears, you have to look for other signs besides the color of the fur. Black bears can be brown, blond, cinnamon, blue-gray and even white. 

The main difference between a black bear and a grizzly is the shoulders. Grizzlies have a hump and black bears don’t, they’re more round and curvy.  

A grizzly bear looks slightly more predatory* than a black bear. They have a dished, distinct shape with a longer-looking nose compared to black bears with a round cuddly face and a straight nose. 

Step 2: Assess the situation 

So it’s a black bear. What now?  First, you should know that black bears are naturally timid and would rather flee before attacking. Rather than looking to attack, their concern is being attacked. 

Your reaction to the situation depends on the bear’s behavior. Here are a few scenarios and behaviors to help you determine which bear is approaching. 

Scenario #1: Curious bear  

A curious bear may approach, sniff the air and stand on its hindlegs to explore what it sees or smells. 

Scenario #2: Hungry bear

This bear found food near you or can smell food and wants a bite. When bears are in hyperphagia, the phase before hibernation, they will eat almost anything. 

Sometimes, in fear, people throw food or items at bears to scare them off. This can get bears thinking that if you follow a human, they will give you food. 

Scenario #3: Stalking Bear 

When you try to move away, this bear will follow. She may attempt to hide from you but continue staring at and following you. You may hear small noises from the bear as she stalks you. 

Scenario #4: Scared Bear 

While a threatened bear may seem aggressive, they are only trying to communicate that they need space. 

A scared bear may bluster or attempt a fake charge by running towards you then swerving away. This is common with mama bears.  A bluster can look like jaw popping, teeth clacking, a pounce with a huff/exhale or slapping the ground. A hungry bear might also bluster in attempts to make you drop your bag or some food. 

Scenario #5: Attacking bear 

This bear may have been stalking you for a while. An aggressive bear will not make a sound. If he stares at you, flattens his ears and protrudes his lower lip,  he is about to charge and attack.

Step 3: Act quickly 

In all situations, give the bear some space. If you approach, you don’t know what the bear could do and it’s far better to assume the bear is dangerous. You should aim to get at least 90 feet between you and the bear. 

Make slow movements. If you run, the bear might chase, and with a speed of 35mph, even Usain Bolt would struggle to outrun a black bear. 

If your approaching bear is curious or scared, do the following: 

• Speak calmly. Repeat ‘hey bear’.
• Back away slowly
• Leave the area

If your approaching bear is hungry, stalking or aggressive, you must make yourself look bigger. Your escape plan will look something like this: 

• Say ‘Hey bear’ in a calm voice and back away. 
• If the bear continues to follow you, stand your ground. Lift your arms and make yourself look big. Stand next to each other and raise your arms together if you are with one or two other people. 
• Avert your eyes from making eye contact and move away sideways if possible. 
• Make noise. Yell ‘hey bear’ and make it known that you are human. Yelling scares black bears away. You can also clap your hands or stick to make noise on the ground. 
• If the bear continues to follow you and attempts to charge, stand your ground. 
• You may need to defend yourself if the bear makes contact. Always fight back. Aim for the head with a stick, swing your backpack, or kick. Use bear spray if you have it. 

Step 4: Prevent Future Encounters 

There’s only so much you can do if the bear approaches in the woods or on a hike. Stay alert and watch for more bears. 

If the bear came to your backyard or approached you at a campsite, the best you can do is to hide all the food. Black bears are usually just looking for food, especially in the fall before they hibernate. Keep your bear spray with your camping essentials, especially on a solo camping trip. Seal any food items and put them in your car or tight containers. 

At home, remove attractants like trash, bird feeders or pet food from your backyard. You will also want to protect pets and animals by bringing them into the house or installing an electric fence. 

Follow the Rules of Bear Fight Club

You will rarely need to fight a black bear. They are usually tolerant of people and less aggressive than other bears. Still, you should keep your distance. If the bear approaches you, back away slowly.  And if it ever gets to a fight, remember: If it’s brown, lie down. If it’s black, fight back. 

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Which animal kills more people annually than wolves, sharks, lions, tigers and crocodiles combined? Hint — it’s already bitten you. The most dangerous animal in the world is the mosquito, which, by transmitting diseases like malaria and yellow fever, kills countless people every year. Just how deadly is this humble insect?

The Most Dangerous Animal Throughout History

Experts estimate that around 117 billion people have ever been born. Of that number, mosquitoes have killed as many as 50 billion individuals, meaning they may have directly extinguished almost half the human population. 

How many potential Einsteins, Shakespeares and Curies succumbed to malaria before they could even walk? It’s truly shocking to think an insect could alter the course of history, but without mosquitoes, civilization might be much more advanced today. That’s why mosquitoes are considered the most dangerous animal in the world. 

Which Deadly Diseases Do Mosquitoes Carry?

In the modern day, at least 700,000 people die every year from mosquito-borne illnesses such as:

Dengue

Also called dengue fever or break bone fever, this viral infection usually causes mild illness. However, it can also lead to severe muscle and joint pain, headaches, vomiting, high fever, abdominal pain and death. 

West Nile Virus

This disease causes tremors, neck stiffness, muscle weakness, fever, headache and convulsions. It can also progress to a more serious condition characterized by neurological disease, which can be fatal.

Zika

The Zika virus may cause a rash, headache, fever, joint pain, muscle pain and conjunctivitis, also called pink eye. Adults with Zika can develop Guillain-Barré syndrome, which leads to severe muscle weakness or paralysis. Pregnant women who contract the disease often suffer miscarriages or give birth to babies with microcephaly, meaning their heads are smaller than normal.

Chikungunya

This virus typically causes a fever and joint pain. It can also cause a rash, joint swelling muscle pain and headaches. Rarely, patients may die from chikungunya. 

Yellow Fever

Like many mosquito-borne illnesses, yellow fever often causes muscle pain, fever, headaches and nausea. It may also lead to jaundice — yellowing of the skin and eyes — which is how it got its name. According to the CDC, yellow fever kills an estimated 30,000 people every year, with 90% of the deaths occurring in Africa. 

Malaria

Malaria is one of the world’s leading causes of death from a communicable disease, meaning a condition you catch rather than develop on your own. It is by far the deadliest mosquito-borne illness and is the reason mosquitoes are the most dangerous animal in the world. Malaria was responsible for 619,000 deaths in 2021, killing one child under five years old roughly every minute.

Malaria symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, fever, chills, muscle aches, headache and exhaustion. Without prompt treatment, the disease can lead to seizures, kidney failure, confusion, coma and death.

Where Do Mosquitoes Kill the Most People?

Mosquito-related deaths are most common in poor, tropical countries. There are several reasons for this, but two of the main causes are the consistently high temperatures and rainfall mosquitoes need to survive and reproduce. In Iceland, for example, there are no mosquitoes whatsoever — it’s too cold year-round for them to live there. 

In the world’s poorest nations, poverty poses a barrier to treating mosquito-borne diseases. Many people lack effective transportation to get to a doctor. They also may be unable to afford medication or preventive measures like mosquito nets. 

Africa has some of the world’s most efficient malaria vectors, including the mosquito species Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus. Both of these species easily pass malaria on to humans. The continent also has the deadliest malaria parasite itself — Plasmodium falciparum — which causes the most malaria-related deaths. Factoring in insecticide resistance and antimalarial drug resistance, it’s no wonder Africa suffers the most mosquito-related deaths worldwide.

Is Preventing Mosquito-Borne Illness Possible?

Today, there are 42 total malaria-free countries, many of which worked for years to eliminate the disease. Of course, several of these nations lacked mosquitoes to begin with, so the malaria-free status comes easier to some than others. It’s important to remember that many countries face an uphill battle against mosquito-borne disease because of factors like rainfall, temperature and highly effective mosquito and parasite species.

Still, efforts to eliminate mosquito-borne illness aren’t futile. Some of the most promising methods include:

Insect Sterilization

One way to lower mosquito numbers is to genetically modify mosquitoes using the sterile insect technique (SIT). SIT modifies male mosquitoes so they cannot reproduce. Females that mate with sterile males won’t have any offspring. Over several generations, the mosquito population gets smaller and smaller. 

Another form of mosquito birth control is to infect the insects with Wolbachia. This bacteria affects mosquito sperm and sometimes prevents eggs from hatching. Infected mosquitoes can also pass the bacteria on to their offspring. When female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes — one of the main malaria carriers — are infected with Wolbachia, they become less likely to transmit malaria.

Insecticides

A bacteria called Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) naturally occurs in the soil. It creates  toxins that kill all mosquito larvae species. Bti is available in liquid and tablet forms to treat ponds, runoff and drinking water.

The pesticide known as DDT played a huge role in eliminating malaria in the United States. However, it turned out to be highly toxic to people and wildlife. Today, less-poisonous sprayable insecticides play a crucial role in preventing mosquitoes from colonizing homes and biting people outdoors. 

Combined Efforts

Many developed countries have effectively eradicated diseases like malaria by treating patients quickly, installing window screens and building over wetlands that harbor mosquitoes. Antimalarial drugs also play a crucial role in preventing malaria.

Along with spraying insecticides and using genetic modification, these efforts have made it even harder for mosquitoes to spread disease. When fewer people are sick, mosquitoes are less likely to pick up an illness from someone’s blood that they could pass on to someone else. 

Taking Down the Most Dangerous Animal in the World

Although the world’s most dangerous animal is small enough to kill with a flyswatter, its sheer numbers and infectious nature make it a leading cause of death in many countries. Mosquito-borne illness may have killed nearly half of all humans on Earth. 

However, there is still hope for preventing further deaths, with many people hard at work to deter and eliminate mosquitoes. Someday — one can dream — the insect’s annoying hum will only be a distant memory.

The post The Most Dangerous Animal in the World Isn’t What You’d Expect appeared first on Modded.

Have you ever wondered how humans lived before cars, electricity and the internet? You can get a reasonable facsimile by heading out primitive camping. This style of recreation might not be the most glamorous, but it’s the perfect way to test your survival skills while acquiring new ones. 

Few things beat knowing that you have what it takes to make it in the wilderness. However, it’s nice to know that safety and home are a short drive away, and learning how to prepare for your excursion can keep you safe in the wild. What is primitive camping? Here’s your ultimate guide to this activity, the gear you’ll need, where to find locations and making the most of your trek. 

Just How Wild Is Primitive Camping? 

The definition of primitive camping varies, depending on who you ask. In general, it refers to sleeping overnight at sites with few to no amenities, meaning no running water, toilet facilities or electrical hookups. It can be as rough as it gets, or you can ease your entry with the right gear and a few outings with an experienced guide to get your bearings. 

Many people think of primitive camping as off-grid, and folks venture into the wilds daily to get as far from civilization as possible. However, some established campsites at national parks also offer sites away from the ceaseless hum of RV generators where you can pitch a simple tent. These sites aren’t like a KOA — the only help could be a ranger station miles away. You’ll rarely find more than cleared ground to pitch your tent, occasionally with trash and bear containers.  

This activity can reduce you to the primal: what are the basics you need to survive? For example, even the most rugged and minimalist survivalists carry: 

• Materials for shelter
• Materials for building fire 
• Water and tools for purifying it 

The right clothing also protects you, and primitive backpackers can easily carry all the necessities on their backs. It’s a trick worth learning if headed to a national park, as most require permits and restrict you to tents or hammocks — no campers. 

The Minimalist Primitive Camping Gear Guide 

The number one rule of primitive camping is to pack out what you pack in. What equipment will you need? Here’s a list of things you must have and some that can make your trip more pleasant. 

1. A Backpack or Backframe

First, the obvious: you need a way to carry your gear. You might be walking marathons with this puppy on your back, so make sure it’s comfortable. You’ll need a buddy to measure your torso and hips to determine size. From there, adjust the hip belt and straps to fit your body. Here’s where it pays to visit a retail location over shopping online so that you can test how the device feels, especially if you have back, hip or knee issues.

2. Layered Clothing

Layering clothing means less weight in your backpack. You should arrange yours thus: 

• Inner layer: Wicking material like synthetic, wool, silk or bamboo fibers. 
• Middle layer: Insulating materials like synthetic fill and fleece. 
• Top layer: Your weather break, consisting of water and windproof materials. 

3. Shelter 

At the bare minimum, you’ll need a bivvy bag to sleep under the stars. Most primitive campers carry tents. The smaller, the better for reducing weight and conserving body heat. Today’s models are easier to erect than ever — many snap into place with no need to wrangle poles. Others use your trekking poles for support, reducing the load you carry. 

4. Fire-Making Materials

Waterproof matchbook cases and lighters are great, but they don’t always work as intended. Learn how to use a flint and steel and carry one with you. You can often find them at tool and hardware stores for under $5, and they clip to your keychain. 

5. Water

Water is a must, and the bare minimum is one gallon per person per day. You might need more if hiking in hot desert climates. 

However, water is also heavy. Ensure your backpack allows you to insert a bladder. You should also carry water purification tablets and straws, as they’re much lighter than lugging the liquid stuff. 

6. Basic Hygiene and First Aid 

You’ll need a way to keep clean — hand sanitizer works if you conserve water in arid climates. Otherwise, use biodegradable soap like castile, keeping it 200 feet away from natural water sources. A first aid kit is a must. Please inspect the contents and ensure you know how to use them before you depart. Both the American Red Cross and the American Heart Association offer first aid courses and getting certified is wise. 

7. Food

You shouldn’t fast while engaged in physical activity, so bring along plenty of healthy, nonperishable foods. Many people get by fine for a day or two on trail mix, although a primitive camp stove takes up little room in your pack, and a hot pot of soup tastes divine on chilly days. Keep your food far from your shelter in a bear-safe container when camping in such country. 

Where and How to Find Primitive Camping Locations 

You can find primitive campsites at national parks, although you’ll often have to make reservations to ensure a spot during the hot summer months. For example, Yosemite and Yellowstone see a lot of traffic. Some locations in the Grand Canyon, like Havasu Falls, aren’t always open and may require reservations more than a year in advance. 

You can also enjoy primitive camping on BLM land. You’ll find most of this in the western half of the United States. Amenities here may be even more scarce — there’s often not even a bear box, let alone trash or recycling bins. Please remember the cardinal rule and pack out everything you pack in, including wrappers. 

What Are the Benefits of Primitive Camping? 

The benefits of primitive camping are many. Look at all you can hope to gain by testing your skills in the wild: 

• Exercise: Hiking is one of the best forms of cardiovascular training anywhere and setting up camp also burns calories. However, it doesn’t feel like a workout. 
• Immunity boosting: Studies on forest bathers show a higher level of specialized cells your body uses to fight germs. 
• Gain skills: Can you start a fire with wet wood? In the rain? Once upon a time, human life depended on it — make your ancestors proud. 
• Develop agency: Agency is your sense that your actions make a difference, and it’s crucial to good mental health. Testing your skills in the wild is a great way to prove to yourself that you can handle anything. 
• Ease depression and anxiety: Simply going outside is a mood-booster. Immersing yourself in nature and relying solely on yourself to survive doesn’t leave much time for ruminating on how bad your life is. 

Safety and Primitive Camping

Primitive camping calls your primal soul. However, you have valid concerns about the odds of your 115-pound frame against a bear or a 2-legged menace. Plus, what happens if you fall down a cliff or twist your ankle and can’t walk your way home? 

First of all, your biggest safety concern is your health and getting help. You’re more likely to get hurt than run into trouble with critters or humans. Please ensure you leave a flight plan with someone in civilization, including details of where you’re going and when you plan to return. The more quickly they notify authorities, the likelier you are to see rescuers arrive. 

You can’t count on phone reception. Your best bet is a satellite communicator. Garmin is widely recognized as reliable, and while even their lowest-priced model will set you back a few hundred dollars, it’s worth it for peace of mind. More advanced models allow two-way messaging with rescuers, alerting them to your location and condition. 

Should you carry a firearm? Only if you have trained with it and feel comfortable using it. Otherwise, bear spray is a smart alternative, useful against bruins and delivering a much mightier wallop than your average pepper spray if you encounter other predator types. A knife is smart — not so much for defense as for survival needs, like cutting branches for shelter and creating a basic camp stove out of tin cans. 

Your Ultimate Guide to Primitive Camping

Primitive camping gets you into the wild, letting you experience life as your ancestors once did. It’s fantastic for testing your mettle, getting out of toxic headspaces and engaging in healthy recreation that hones your skills. Follow this ultimate guide to get started with this primal sport and embrace your inner Bear Grylls. 

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