Fuel efficiency should be a consideration when searching for a truck to buy. Electric trucks are on dealership lots, but a hybrid, gasoline or diesel-powered machine may make more sense. What are the best trucks in 2024 for fuel mileage? Modern big rigs are better than pickups from past generations. Here’s your guide to fuel-efficient trucks in 2024. 

8 Best Trucks in 2024 for Fuel Efficiency

2024 is a big year for the automakers, as some are introducing electric pickup trucks for customers. However, gas, diesel and hybrid machines remain the most prominent. Here are the eight best gas-powered trucks for the 2024 model year. 

8. 2024 Ford Ranger 2WD — 22 mpg

The 2024 Ford Ranger brings a mid-sized option between its Maverick and F-Series options. While Ford discontinued it in 2011, the Ranger has returned as one of the top trucks on dealership lots. One of the reasons it stands out is its solid fuel economy. 

The 2024 Ford Ranger gets an EPA-estimated 22 mpg combined for the city and highway. While the truck has 4WD and 2WD, your machine gets equal mileage with both trims. The EPA estimates your annual fuel costs to be $2,350, which is better than many other trucks. 

7. 2024 Hyundai Santa Cruz — 23 mpg

When you think of Hyundai, you probably imagine the Elantra and its spectacular fuel economy or the Santa Fe. American automakers get attention for their trucks, leaving out the international manufacturers. However, Hyundai has inserted itself into the truck market with the fuel-efficient Santa Cruz. 

The Santa Cruz stands out because of its highway mileage, boasting about 27 mpg when you get the Night, XRT or Limited AWD trims. The best fuel economy comes with the SE and SEL, as these trims bring 23 combined mpg. If you like power, you also get 281 horsepower and a turbocharged 4-cylinder engine. 

6. 2024 Ford F-150 Pickup 4WD — 23 mpg

If we’re talking about the best trucks, we must mention the 2024 Ford F-150. This truck is famous among off-road enthusiasts for its powerful engine and durable exterior. While the ruggedness and sales numbers stand out, the 2024 model’s fuel efficiency is hard to ignore. 

The 2024 Ford F150 pickup with 4WD gets a combined 23 mpg when you drive the hybrid edition. This machine has a V6 engine that wields gas and electric power while bringing muscle with its towing capacity. Under the hood, you’ll find an EcoBoost engine that turbocharges the truck and delivers better displacement.

5. 2024 Ram 1500 — 23 mpg

Grabbing life by the horns in 2024 means finding the best trucks for fuel economy. Dodge has come a long way by revamping its Ram lineup and making it one of the top competitors. Now, you get solid gas mileage and affordability with their line of monster machines. 

The 2024 Ram 1500 starts with the Tradesman HFE as its base trim. This edition gets up to 25 mpg in the city, rivaling some older sedans. The most efficient Ram is the 2WD version, offering a 3.6L engine and a combined 23 mpg on the road. Regardless, these trucks are a solid pick for fuel mileage.

4. 2024 Toyota Tacoma — 23 mpg 

If you’re looking for reliability and fuel efficiency, the 2024 Toyota Tacoma could be your next truck. Due to its smaller size, this machine is terrific for driving on rough terrain and city streets. While some prefer bigger trucks, the 2024 Tacoma is one of the best for fuel mileage. 

This year’s Toyota Tacoma achieves a combined 23 mpg when you drive the 2WD, 4-cylinder trim. The 2024 truck also gets 23 mpg with the SR5, Sport and PreRunner 2WD trims, giving you options for better fuel economy. Driving a Toyota also brings peace of mind because the automaker consistently receives praise for its durability. 

3. 2024 GMC Sierra 2WD— 25 mpg 

General Motors Company (GMC) is one of GM’s forgotten brands, as you may think of Chevy and Cadillac first. However, don’t discount GMC’s progress with the Sierra, Canyon and Hummer models. These vehicles are fuel efficient and compete with the other best trucks of 2024. 

Let’s focus on the GMC Sierra 2WD, as this truck is one of the automaker’s most efficient options. The SLE, Elevation and SLT trims reach 23 mpg in the city and up to 29 mpg on the highway. The combined 25 mpg makes the Sierra one of the best options for truck guys this year. 

T-1. 2024 Ford Maverick FWD — 26 mpg

Now, we’re getting to the heaviest hitters. Two trucks are tied for first place, so we’ll start with the 2024 Ford Maverick. This truck is the smallest available from the blue oval manufacturer — naturally, it has the best fuel economy. The compact pickup is an excellent option for an eco-conscious work truck. 

This year’s Ford Maverick excels with its 30 mpg on highways and 23 mpg in the city. In total, the 2024 edition gets an EPA-estimated 26 mpg combined — making it one of the best trucks for fuel mileage. The new Maverick boasts a 2.5L hybrid or a 2.0L EcoBoost engine to get the most from your fuel mileage. 

T-1. 2024 Chevrolet Silverado 2WD — 26 mpg

Chevy has committed to electric vehicles (EVs), producing the Silverado EV and other battery-powered machines. However, gas-powered trucks will still be among the best for fuel efficiency in 2024. This year’s Silverado should be on your shortlist if you want a solid truck. 

The best Chevrolet truck has up to 26 mpg when you get the 2WD and 3.0L edition. What sets this machine apart from others on this list is the diesel usage. While other automakers make gasoline-powered trucks, the diesel fuel cell makes your vehicle slightly more environmentally conscious because of its excellent expansion ratio. 

Saving Fuel With the Best Trucks of 2024 

Trucks used to have a bad reputation for fuel mileage. Even the best machines got around 15-20 mpg and frustrated owners. While some trucks still lag behind, the best ones of 2024 have significantly improved. 

Now, you can drive a heavy-duty truck and better care for the environment. These modern monster machines have advanced technologies to improve the engines. Turbochargers, aerodynamics and displacement have changed the truck market forever. Now, we’ll see how the future changes with electric machines. 

The post Save Gas in 2024 With the 8 Best Trucks for Fuel Economy appeared first on Modded.

Preparing for an outdoor adventure includes knowing what to do when encountering wildlife, particularly those that can cause significant physical harm. Moose attacks are no joke, and you should know how to handle them before heading out into the wild. 

Moose Basics

As the largest species of the deer family and the tallest animal in North America, moose are majestic and intimidating creatures. They can grow to be 7 feet tall and 9 feet long, and weigh well over 1100 pounds. Males are called bulls and females are called cows. Bulls carry grand, palmated antlers that they shed and regrow yearly. These bony protrusions help show their dominance and attract cows during mating season. 

Despite their enormous size, moose are what you’d call gentle giants. They have a generally passive demeanor, strolling through their habitats and munching on plants and tree bark. You’ll mostly find them in the northern regions of the U.S., predominantly in Maine and Alaska, as well as throughout Canada. 

The Rise of Moose Attacks

While moose are typically docile creatures, certain triggers can provoke them into defensive or aggressive behavior. The last thing you want is a 7-foot-tall animal with giant antlers charging at you. There are several reasons why this might occur. 

Bulls typically become more aggressive during mating season in late September and October. During this period, slight provocations can cause them to get confrontational and even hostile. In the early spring, cows can also display threatening behaviors when protecting their young calves. If you see a calf on its own, tread carefully as you may have come between it and its mother — not a good place to be.

Hunger can also make moose more dangerous and more likely to attack, though this pretty much applies to any large animal you encounter in the wild. 

Human-Moose Conflicts

Every year, reports of moose attacks on humans emerge, underscoring the need for proper precautions. 

Conflicts often arise when humans and moose share the same space, particularly in areas where human development encroaches on moose habitats. These hostilities can result from accidental encounters or instances where moose feel cornered by human presence. Urban expansion, habitat loss and increased human activity in wilderness areas can escalate tensions.

Being large and powerful animals, moose can pose a threat to humans if they feel provoked or perceive a potential danger. One dangerous thing about them is they’re largely unafraid of humans, unlike other deer species. For this reason, they’re just as likely to charge at you as ignore your presence. 

The probability of a moose encounter going wrong isn’t as high as that of a bear. Nevertheless, while moose attacks are nowhere near as deadly as grizzly bear confrontations, they’re generally more frequent. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, moose pose a greater threat of causing injury than bears because of their large numbers close to certain habited areas.

Dog-Provoked Aggression

You’ll want to be extra careful when hiking or camping in moose country with a dog. Moose dislike dogs because they bark loudly at them, causing agitation. If your furry friend runs up to a moose, barks at it and runs back to you, it will likely charge at both of you. 

Reading Moose Body Language

An agitated moose preparing to attack will often present a number of telltale signs. Before venturing into their territory, you should know how to read these body signals. 

According to experts, the clearest indication of aggression is if the animal sticks its tongue out and starts licking its mouth. No, this doesn’t mean the moose is relishing the thought of feasting on you. Moose use their tongues to collect the scent of the threat and size it up. When you see this, chances are it is prepping to trample or gore you with its antlers. 

Other signs to look for include low-pinned ears, raised hair on the neck and bulging eyeballs. These serve as a warning that the animal is uncomfortable with your presence and is likely considering a fight-or-flight response.

What to Do if a Moose Attacks You

If a moose begins to act aggressively toward you, follow these steps to increase your chances of survival and minimize injuries.

1. Stay calm: Try to remain as calm as possible. Given the sheer size of the animal and its sharp antlers, this is obviously easier said than done. However, panicking will only worsen the situation by preventing you from thinking clearly. 
2. Create distance: If possible, slowly back away from the moose while watching its movements. You want to put distance between yourself and the animal while showing that you’re no threat. 
3. Seek cover: If the moose continues to charge or attack, run as fast as you can in the opposite direction. Look for cover behind a large tree, rock or other solid object that can provide adequate protection. Being out of the animal’s sight may calm it down enough for it to lose interest in the pursuit. 
4. Protect your head and vital organs: If the moose knocks you down, curl into a ball with your hands protecting your head and neck. This position can help minimize injuries from hooves or antlers. In some cases, playing dead may deter further aggression from the moose. Stay still and avoid making sudden movements until the animal loses interest.
5. Seek medical attention: Even if you believe your injuries are minor after the attack, seek medical attention promptly. Moose attacks can cause serious injuries that may not be immediately apparent.

The Role of Habitat Loss in Increased Moose Aggression

With their natural habitats dwindling, moose are forced to live closer to human settlements, agricultural lands and recreational areas. This environmental pressure can trigger stress and territorial behavior in moose, heightening the likelihood of confrontations with humans. Imagine vast forests giving way to urban sprawl, pushing moose populations into smaller, fragmented habitats where they must compete for resources and space. 

Moose-vehicle collisions are a particularly concerning implication as they seem to occur more frequently. The National Park Service estimates accidents involving various deer species account for around 440 human deaths and 59,000 injuries yearly. 

Consequently, conservation efforts must prioritize wildlife habitat preservation, restoration and corridor connectivity — providing seamless access to woodlands and forests in human-populated areas. Implementing the necessary changes for moose to thrive in their natural environment can help mitigate conflicts and promote coexistence.

Avoid Moose Attacks During Your Next Adventure 

Nothing ruins an outdoor expedition quicker than a wildlife attack, especially from one of the largest animals on the planet with big, strong antlers. Take care to understand and respect these animals’ behaviors, maintain a safe distance in the wild and avoid actions that could agitate or startle them.

The post Surviving Moose Attacks: What You Need To Know Before Your Next Adventure appeared first on Modded.

Low impact cardio is a versatile exercise category because it can fit just about anyone’s lifestyle and health goals. Older people use it to stay active. Professional bodybuilders use it to help lose fat. It’s often the first step in many people’s fitness journeys. 

What sets low-impact cardio apart is that it gets your heart pumping without any jumping or jarring on your joints. These exercises will help you build healthy habits without putting too much stress on your body.

1. Walking

Walking is the king of all low-impact exercises. It can help you maintain a healthy weight or lose weight, depending on your goals. It improves your cardiovascular fitness and reduces your risk of developing heart conditions, diabetes and other problems. Walking can also strengthen your bones and muscles, if you keep an all-around active lifestyle.

The benefits of walking go far beyond improving your fitness levels, though. It can lower stress levels, improve your mood and even help with memory and sleeping habits. Start with a simple 30-minute walk every day on a flat surface, then slowly increase the difficulty over time. While low-impact exercises are designed to limit the stress on your body, you still need to push yourself if you want to see improvements.

The beauty part of walking is that you don’t need any special equipment to get started. All that’s required is a supportive pair of shoes and a safe place to stroll, such as a park. You can also try mall walking if the weather doesn’t cooperate. Take the family and walk after dinner — it improves everyone’s health and provides a safe space for your kids to open up that’s less intimidating than the table. 

2. Swimming

Swimming is a more challenging exercise than walking because it recruits all the muscles in your body, but the water also takes some pressure off of your joints. Many rehabilitation and therapy exercises take place in water for this reason. It’s an effective workout with a reduced risk of injury or reaggravating a chronic issue. Additionally, you can walk in the water — it provides natural resistance to build strength. 

Swimming has the same benefits as walking, plus a little bit more. Since it’s a full-body exercise, it can heighten your coordination, balance and even posture. It also challenges your respiratory system, improving your conditioning. The best part: it’s not a chore. Swimming is a leisurely activity that people of all ages and lifestyles can thoroughly enjoy. You can do laps or participate in a water aerobics class. Some sessions also include special water weights for toning and cardio at once. 

3. Cycling

Cycling is usually a more intense exercise than walking and swimming, but it’s still a safe low-impact activity because of the fixed range of motion. You perform the same exact movement over and over again and rarely put your body in a precarious position. Additionally, you can go at your own pace and on terrain of your choosing, so it has a more flexible range of difficulty.

It has all the benefits of other low-impact exercises, namely increased fitness levels, decreased stress and improvement of cardiovascular health, but it also helps with joint mobility. The movement of cycling thoroughly loosens up the ankles, knees and hips without putting too much strain on them, which helps alleviate issues like arthritis and lower back pain.

You can cycle indoors or out. A good road bike doubles as transportation, letting you combine exercise with running errands — use saddlebags or baskets to carry your groceries home. However, those who get leery of biking in traffic can get an equally great workout on a Peloton or other stationary cycle. 

4. Elliptical Machine

An elliptical machine is, for lack of a better phrase, a controlled version of running. The movement is similar, but rather than making impact with the ground on every footfall, you simply glide into the next step. This feature takes the main setbacks people experience with running out of the equation. You won’t feel any joint pain or shin splints on an elliptical machine, which makes it a great low-impact workout.

You can also adjust the resistance on elliptical machines according to your fitness level, so anyone can add it to their routine. They’re also much simpler to use than other cardio machines, with no complicated controls involved. Just hop on and go!

5. Rowing

Another low-impact piece of cardio equipment you can use is the rowing machine. An intense rowing session can burn a significant amount of calories and push your body to the limits in as little as 15 minutes, making it a super time-friendly workout. It improves your strength, speed, endurance and coordination, forcing your biggest muscle groups to work together to repeat the movement. 

Like the elliptical machine, you can also adjust the level of resistance on the fly, allowing you to keep on rowing without interruption. Another cool improvement you might see from rowing is increased grip strength, which is a more important health indicator than you might think.

6. Dance 

Do you think you’re too tough to dance? Tell that to the scores of professional football players who take ballet lessons to improve their mobility and grace on the gridiron. This form of low-impact cardio can also improve your luck with the ladies. Many women love a guy who isn’t embarrassed to hit the floor with them at the club. 

Dance can also be budget friendly. Sure, you can invest in lessons, and doing so can teach you some new, sleek moves. However, all you really need are your favorite jams and a place where you can groove like no one’s watching. 

7. Martial Arts 

There are dozens of forms of martial arts, and each one teaches you something new about self-defense — and yourself. Some practitioners stick with a particular discipline, earning a black belt or higher. Others study multiple styles, integrating what they learn in various lessons. 

You can choose from Muay Thai, karate, judo, kung fu, kendo, Krav Maga, capoeira, or jiu-jitsu. Additionally, nearly every gym that offers group fitness classes has some form of cardio kickboxing to elevate your heart rate 

8. Yoga

Yoga is the most relaxing exercise we’ve discussed thus far. It focuses on improving your coordination, balance, flexibility and core strength. While it probably won’t burn as many calories as the other exercises on this list, it will still give your cardiovascular and respiratory systems a unique challenge. Yoga also comes in many different forms and specialties. Here are some of the most popular ones that also provide cardiovascular benefits:

• Hatha: best for beginners, focuses on simple poses and breathing exercises
• Vinyasa: another good option for beginners, with a wider variety of movements
• Kundalini: meditation-focused, sometimes includes chanting along with the different poses
• Bikram: consists of 26 specific poses and is usually held in a hot room to increase sweating
• Iyengar: uses straps, blocks and other props to help align your body in multiple positions

Yoga’s meditative qualities also makes it an effective exercise for improving mental health, which sets it apart from the other low-impact exercises we’ve discussed.

9. Step Aerobics

Aerobics is another great way to improve coordination and flexibility, and step aerobics makes things a little more challenging by adding an elevated platform to the mix. Most step workouts involve replicating functional movements that you perform throughout the day, such as walking up and down the stairs. 

Becoming more confident in those everyday activities will also improve your mental health and give you the courage to try more intense workouts over time. Start with a simple routine, then slowly work your way up to more complex movements.

Add Low Impact Cardio to Your Routine

The above exercises are low-risk, high-reward activities. They make you stronger and more agile while not putting too much pressure on your joints. Try them all out, pick your favorite and add it to your routine as soon as possible!

The post Best Forms of Low Impact Cardio (Updated for 2024) appeared first on Modded.

Fellas, it’s time to step up your workout game — at least if preserving your health and improving your longevity is the goal. Women may have to work harder to break the glass ceiling in the workplace, but when it comes to exercise, they get twice the results with half the effort. 

It’s not all bad news, however. You now have the perfect excuse to spend more time on healthy leisure at the gym. What should you know, and how much exercise do you need, based on your sex?

The new research may surprise you but also lend insight into how to make your current habits more effective.

What the Research Found 

According to the World Health Organization, the average person needs at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week to preserve good health. Researchers wanted to know if men and women achieved similar benefits. They investigated over 400,000 results of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Health Interview Survey between 1997 and 2017 to gauge the comparative health perks for males and females.

Crucial findings from their research include the following:

• Women who engaged in regular leisure-time physical activity lowered their risk of all-cause mortality by 24%. Men who did the same decreased their risk by only 15%.
• Men derived the greatest survival benefit from 300 minutes per week of cardiovascular activity, whereas women only required 140 minutes for the same result.
• Women who engaged in muscle-strengthening activities reduced their mortality risk by 19%, while men who did the same decreased it by 11%.

In essence, men have to perform twice the amount of exercise as women to achieve similar results. That’s bad news if you’re a dedicated couch spud but excellent if you are a die-hard gym rat — or simply seek an excuse to sneak out of laundry duty a little early.

Should There Be Different Exercise Standards for Men and Women? 

That’s not to say you should substitute gym time for every chore. Women still spend twice the amount of time on unpaid labor such as cleaning house and raising kids as men. However, it should be a relief for the ladies that they get a break on treadmill time.

The study begs the question of whether there should be different exercise standards for men and women. Perhaps in time, leading health authorities such as the WHO and CDC will issue new guidelines. In the meantime, men should strive to stay at the upper end of the current guides by indulging in at least 300 minutes of moderate activity weekly, which need not all take place at the gym.

5 Ways Men Can Meet Their Weekly Exercise Needs

If you work and raise a family, exercising for 300 minutes — which breaks down to a full hour per day, five days per week — can seem overwhelming. However, men can use the following five tips to meet their quota without feeling swamped, with or without a gym membership.

1. Master a Few Bodyweight Moves 

It doesn’t take long to get good at moves like burpees, pushups and squats, which you can do right in your living room. Make it a game. When ads come on while watching TV or streaming, alternate a few bodyweight moves with cardiovascular activities like jumping jacks for a quick HIIT workout.

2. Pick Up Some Resistance Bands

Resistance bands are the ultimate in-home exercise equipment because they’re inexpensive and slide under your couch for easy storage. Additionally, you can take them on the road if you frequently travel for business and don’t always book hotels with fitness centers. Many sets come with instructional videos, or you can use YouTube to find band variations for bicep curls, tricep extensions and lat pulldowns.

3. Walk or Bike It

How often do you get a chance to lengthen your life span while saving the planet? Only every time you run an errand. Walking or biking to the store provides cardio and burns calories — not fossil fuels — and the right bags and baskets carry your groceries home.

Are you a parent? Teach your little ones the joy of movement by walking or biking to school with them instead of idling in the parent pick-up line.

4. Help With the Housework 

You knew you weren’t getting out of chores that easily, right? While you can sneak off to the gym on occasion, you can also burn up to 500 calories scrubbing toilets, vacuuming Cheerios out of couch cushions and dusting ceiling fans. Furthermore, you keep your relationship healthier by doing your share, and studies show being happily married also increases your life span.

5. Choose Active Recreational Activities 

Should you watch a movie this weekend or go hiking? If your goal is increasing your longevity, the answer is obvious. Of course, you can also save the flick for after your trek, but the point is to get in the habit of choosing active recreational activities.

It might take the form of joining a gym with your spouse so you can push each other or help one another overcome insecurities. It may also mean doing so separately if you and your partner prefer a little “me” time. However, it can look like participating in the following each week: 

• Bowling 
• Golf — including hitting the driving range
• Hiking 
• Bouldering
• Gardening 
• Hunting and fishing — assuming you walk to the tree stand or hole
• Camping 
• Woodworking 
• Rebuilding cars

Exercise Guidelines and Improving Longevity for Men

As it turns out, men have to put in a little more exercise to get the same longevity benefits as women. However, they can embrace this as a chance to improve their lifestyle, seize more leisure time and make it active with movement that betters their overall health.

The post Study Finds Men’s Workouts Are Less Effective Than Women’s appeared first on Modded.

Car owners must frequently check their trucks to ensure they’re in tip-top condition. One of these regular maintenance checklists is to change the transmission fluid. Learn how to drain the oil, replace the filter and refill the transmission pan with fresh lubricant. 

What Is the Basic Function of the Transmission?

Before you roll up your sleeves for some messy work, it’s essential to understand transmission since it’s tied to the meat of the topic. 

What Is the Transmission and How Does It Work?

Your car’s transmission is the gearbox, which directs the engine’s power to the wheels to move the vehicle. This system also slows the engine down and makes the wheels run at different speeds.

The transmission consists of gears, allowing you to control the power delivered to the car under various driving conditions. It can be either manual or automatic. 

The automatic transmission gives drivers more freedom behind the wheel since they don’t have to worry about switching gears. The catch is it consumes plenty of gas, making it less fuel-efficient. On the other hand, the manual type allows for more control of the automobile. For instance, you can slow down instead of braking. The caveat is you may need weeks of maneuvering practice before you feel comfortable taking the car off the road. 

Without this automatic or manual engine moderator, the car will overheat and spin out of control. 

Where Is the Transmission Located?  

There’s no permanent location for the transmission since its spot depends on the make and model. It can either be in the front, middle or rear. The gearbox is often attached to the engine. In front-wheel-drive cars, it’s usually mounted within the compartment directly connected to the engine. In rear wheel-drive vehicles, it’s attached to the end of the engine under a housing. 

Your car’s manual is a good reference for checking the exact location of the transmission system. 

How to Tell if Transmission Is Bad or Faulty 

The signs of wear and tear on this part are due to many factors. For example, issues with the fluid often result in damaged transmission. You should be wary and proactive in addressing these problems. Failure to repair or replace a malfunctioning gearbox can put your safety at risk. Here are some indications:

1. Burning Smell

 If you feel a nasty sting in your nose coming from the car  — like melting plastic — it could mean the gearbox is overheating or the fluid is burning. It’s risky because it can cause electric fire. If you don’t know how to troubleshoot a car, contact a mechanic for a vehicle health checkup.

2. Leaking Fluid

The transmission fluid is one of many oils in your car. It has a sweet scent and red color to distinguish it from other lubricants. Checking if your vehicle is leaking fluid is simple. Look for any signs of oil on the garage floor or driveway. Grease marks on the ground are an indication of damaged transmission. 

3. Trouble Switching Gears

The transmission has reached its limit if you need to put more effort in switching gears. Another hint is if the car slips between gears when driving. These malfunctions are hazardous and may increase your risk for accidents. Fix the problem immediately. 

4. Strange Noise When the Car Is Neutral

Your car’s transmission needs immediate inspection if you hear any whining, buzzing or humming sound when the clutch is in neutral.

5. Vibration or Shaking

Unsteadiness when switching automotive cogs is another warming sign of a failing part. Get a mechanic to check the transmission.  

A habitual inspection can help you identify problems right away. Learn how to do it yourself or visit a mechanic regularly for a car health assessment. 

How to Change Transmission Fluid by Yourself

Some gearbox issues are caused by its lubricant. Learn how to examine transmission fluid quality and replace it. 

What Is Transmission Fluid?

The car uses different oils to move the parts without being damaged by constant mechanical friction. The transmission fluid keeps automotive parts from rubbing against each other. It coats the components with grease to minimize the grinding of rough surfaces and ensure the engine runs steadily.

The transmission fluid also acts as a thermal exchanger, diverting heat away from the engine so it doesn’t seethe. An engine can combust at temperatures ranging from 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit to 4,500 degrees Fahrenheit. The gearbox oil serves as a coolant to prevent the components from deteriorating.

How to Check the Transmission Fluid

Many vehicles have a dipstick, which you can use to measure how much oil is left inside the gearbox pan. Some modern cars don’t have it, but if you do — follow these steps to check the oil volume. 

1. Open the hood and locate the dipstick. 
2. Once you find it, turn the engine on to warm the vehicle at an operating temperature. 
3. Put the gear in neutral or park with the brake on. 
4. Once the engine is sufficiently primed, pull out the dipstick. 
5. Check the color. It should be reddish. Here’s how to tell the fluid’s health based on color. 

• Bright red: The oil is new and in good condition — no need to take action. 
• Dark red: Schedule a fluid top-up in the future. 
• Brown: The oil has started to oxidate, so keep it in mind and load it up soon. 
• Black: The oil is severely contaminated. Replace the transmission fluid immediately.
• Pink or foamy: The transmission is damaged or the cooler is contaminated. Replace the cooler and flush the transmission fluid.   

6. After identifying its quality, touch the oil with your index finger and rub it against your thumb. If you feel any fine particles, the fluid is polluted and the filter is worn out. 
7. Wipe the dipstick clean with a lint-free fabric, then reinsert it into the tube. 
8. Pull it out again to confirm the reading. Every dipstick has a marker, indicating the proper oil level. Some have “hot” or “cold” labels, while others have L or H (low or high) and Min and Max (abbreviations for minimum and maximum.) 

If you can’t find the dipstick or your car doesn’t have one, refer to the owner’s or car service manuals. Other models have inspection plugs that require special procedures when checking or replenishing the transmission fluid. 

Results of the Oil Check

The transmission fluid inspection has three probable outcomes.

• You only need to fill up if the oil is low, looks reddish and smells OK. 
• You should drain and replace the oil if it looks dark and smells burnt.  
• You should change both the fluid and filter if it’s black and mixed with debris,    

Transmission Fluid Refill

The process to replenish a low-level gearbox oil is straightforward. Follow these steps. 

1. Remove the dipstick from the tube. 
2. Insert the long funnel. 
3. Once the funnel is secure, begin adding fluid slowly. Add a small amount at a time, ensuring not to overfill. 
4. Recheck the reading with the dipstick.
5. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until you get the right fluid volume. 

Transmission Fluid Change

The first step is learning how to drain transmission fluid. Emptying the pan can be messy, but other than this, the process is beginner-friendly. You can hire a mechanic to do the dirty work or do it yourself and save labor money. Begin by following these instructions. 

How to Drain the Transmission Fluid

You must first clear the pan with the contaminated fluid. 

Things you need:

• Gloves
• Goggles
• Jack stands
• Collection pan
• Ratchet
• Rags or paper towels

If you’re ready, here are things you must do. 

1. Get the vehicle in the air and use jack stands or ramps as supports to maintain their elevation.
2. Wear your gloves and goggles for protection.
3. Once ready, slide the collection container and get under the car to locate the transmission pan.  
4. Examine it. Some models have removable plugs in the center, which you can rotate in reverse to start draining. Others have bolts around them that you need to loosen up before you can pull the pans free. Determine how to extract the used fluid.
5. When you’ve done that, place the collection receptacle below the pan.
6. Slowly remove the plug or unscrew the drain bolts using a ratchet one at a time for a controlled spill.

Get a bigger collection pan to minimize the mess on your driveway or parking area. Alternatively, you can place a large tarp under it that will prevent floor spills. Use the rags to wipe any overflows on the floor. 

How to Change the Transmission Filter

Can you change the transmission fluid without replacing the filter? Yes. You can leave it if the oil quality is good. However, a good practice is to detach the filter to check for cracks or holes that can cause leakage. If it does have even a tiny slit, swap it with a new part.

Things you need:

• Ratchet
• New transmission filter

Make sure to get an identical replacement filter. Ask an auto mechanic for advice if you don’t know what type to get. After pulling out the transmission pan, follow these steps. 

1. Use a ratchet to remove the bolt securing the filter to the car. 
2. Get the new filter and lubricate the O-rings with some grease before pushing them into the tube. 
3. Once done, attach the new filter. Line the fittings into the holes and push them in before tightening the bolt. Make sure it’s not too tight to avoid damaging the part.

After swapping the filter, the next step is to reattach the transmission pan. Before doing so, wipe it clean with a degreaser and a paper towel or clean rag. Use a ratchet to put all the bolts back. You can begin replenishing the fluid afterward.

How to Add Transmission Fluid

This process is similar to how you refill the transmission fluid.

1. Remove the dipstick.
2. Insert the long funnel.
3. Pour in the brand-new transmission oil.
4. Reinsert the dipstick and check if it’s at the right level. Generally, you need about 4-6 quarts to fill the transmission pan. However, it also depends on the make and model. Check the owner’s manual for this information.  
5. Once done, reinsert the dipstick and lock the tube.

This concludes the steps for changing the transmission fluid. You can give the car a test drive to check the gear-shifting functions. 

How Often Should You Change the Transmission Fluid?

The owner’s manual typically recommends changing the transmission fluid between 30,000 and 100,000 miles, but regular inspection will ideally tell you when it’s time for a replacement. You may need to fill up the oil regularly if you’re constantly towing in hot weather. Frequent inspection and maintenance is crucial. If you detect foul smells and warning signs before your vehicle reaches 30,000 miles, resupply the oil. 

What Happens if You Don’t Change the Transmission Fluid?

Like engine oil, transmission fluid wears out and loses its lubricating and cleaning properties. It can cause excess friction and deteriorate the internal clutches when shifting gears. It can also lead to overheating issues. Degraded lubricant loses its ability to regulate combustion heat, damaging the bearings, gears and moving parts. 

How Much Does Changing the Transmission Fluid Cost?

The average cost of changing the transmission fluid is around $150 to $200, whereas a new filter often ranges from $100 to $250. Therefore, a transmission fluid and filter change can cost between $250 to $450. You can save a few bucks if you buy the parts and do the maintenance yourself.

How Much Does it Cost to Rebuild a Transmission?

If you still experience gear issues after restocking the fluid, the problem might be with the transmission. Schedule an inspection with a mechanic to pinpoint the underlying issue. 

On average, a transmission repair can cost between $1,800 and $3,400, depending on the damage to the parts. The labor typically starts from $500 to $1,200. 

If repair is impossible, a new transmission will cost $1,800 to $3,500.

Change Your Transmission Fluid Manually at Home

Owning a car involves several maintenance obligations that can quickly burn a hole in your pocket. Learning to do simple regular checks and repairs — like changing transmission fluid — can minimize associated expenses. Fortunately, you don’t have to be an automotive expert to learn a trick or two about vehicle maintenance. Follow the above steps to change transmission fluid in the most economical way. 

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Every man strives to achieve a light yet muscular physique. Music and health have always been strongly correlated, with many people theorizing that what you listen to can significantly impact your overall mood and other cognitive functions. However, one untapped benefit of your playlist is it can enhance your workout routine and contribute to a better body.

Picking the Right Tunes for Your Workout

Before diving into music and health’s influence on your physique, what are the factors to choosing the right tune? There are several things to consider for your workout playlist.

Tempo

Music is always viewed as a motivational tool for exercise, thanks to its tempo. A study finds that fast-tempo music is suitable across different exercise intensities compared to those with slower beats. For the best results, it’s recommended to pick out tracks with 130 to 150 beats per minute.

Slow-tempo music does get a lot less love, and it’s also associated with the least desirable psychological outcomes within the same study. However, you may want to adopt it for your cooldown steps to signify the end of your exercise routine.

Genre

Genre is also a big factor in music and health. As lovely as classical music is, it can be hard to hype yourself up to do pushups with it in the background. Well, maybe you can, but it doesn’t help increase your passion for exercise.

Rap is one of the best genres. They’re fast-paced with a sick bass and timely beat drops. Most rap artists are men, which can make the lyrics more intense and provocative than other songs. EDM, pop and hard rock are also ideal since they offer high tempo.  

Length

Everyone’s workout duration is different, depending on their preference and goals. If you have a one-hour session though, you wouldn’t want to have one four-minute song on loop for the entire time. You need some variation.

Make a playlist that matches the length of your workout. Spotify usually displays the playtime, so you can gauge whether you’ve added enough songs. Alternatively, you could just listen to a part of the longest song in the world. It spans up to 138 hours, 41 minutes and 20 seconds.

Preference

Every man has their preference about what they like to listen to. While previous recommendations steer you toward a certain direction, you should always consider what you want. It’ll make the workout much more enjoyable.

Plus, you may just find that you are making better progress. A study finds that athletic performance may suffer if the music played isn’t in line with their preferences, imploring people to always account for personal choice. 

Music and Health Before the Workout

Music and health have always worked hand in hand to enhance the mind, which can already serve as a great prep routine for the actual exercise. Find inspirational music to stimulate you into exercising. 

There are other psychological benefits to listening to music as well. This activity provides a variety of long-term positive effects like better overall cognition, attention and orientation. It can also modify emotions, giving you a good boost on the days you don’t feel like working out. 

Benefits of Music During the Workout

The workout routine is where all the magic happens to achieve a good physique. While the destination may be far, music is a tool to make the journey more bearable. 

Increase Endurance

You need consistency to achieve your dream body. Playing a song doesn’t mean you’ll automatically get buff. However, there are signs it can improve your body’s capabilities to go through endurance exercises. 

The study on how preference improves your athletic performance specifies how music can enhance endurance and resistance in the long run. These improvements in one’s exercise response mean you can constantly work out as you’ve scheduled. 

Influence Fatigue Perception

You need to figure out how to change your fatigue perception. Some people get mentally tired immediately, which can hinder them from working out and delay their ideal physique. 

Research notes that a song’s tempo can factor into runners’ perception of fatigue after running multiple times. Granted, exercise intensity is still the most prominent factor, but you can still anticipate better mental and physical performance and overlook discomfort. 

Improve Strength and Power

With great power comes a strong physique. There’s no shortcut to achieving this, as you must focus on building your athletic capabilities. However, you can listen to music and focus on reaping its ergogenic effects.

Ergogenic effects are associated with higher strength and power output, which fortunately increases when you synchronize your movements with music. There are instances where they still happen even without such adjustments, so further research is needed. 

Using Music as a Recovery Regimen

Overworking your body is a step that can setback your health and bring your preferred physique far from reach. Luckily, you may also use music to recover from the stresses of exercise. Your favorite songs can regulate your heart rate and blood pressure go down.

You can also use slower songs to cool down and stretch, matching your movements to the rhythm. When you’re done with the workout, you can also synchronize your breathing to a steady tempo to calm yourself down. 

Downsides to be Wary Of

Music is beneficial for your health, but there are some precautions you need to take. For instance, if you’re running in a public space, you can’t have the volume too loud. It could prevent you from hearing all kinds of cues, leading to unwarranted bumps, trips, and other accidents. 

Music can even be distracting while indoors. It can negatively influence one’s working memory, affecting information retention. Imagine forgetting how many reps you’re doing. An aimless routine can be detrimental, so you must remember to lock in while your earphones are on.

Utilize Music for Your Health 

Music benefits your health and well-being, which can help you build up your physique in the long run. Just remember to be careful of getting too distracted by the beat. No matter how catchy it is, you have to use it as a tool to persevere and progress.

The post Combining Music and Health for a Better Physique appeared first on Modded.

People often daydream about adopting a dog or a cat, but those aren’t the only animals you can have as pets. If you want to bring home an animal you can’t find at a pet store, it’s time to look into the different exotic pets you can own in America. After researching the various exotic animals people adopt and checking your local laws, you’ll bring your new best friend home with confidence.

What Counts as an Exotic Pet?

Exotic pets are generally any wild animal or species that rarely lives in a human’s house. They aren’t available at pet stores because they haven’t undergone generations of domestication. This means there are tons of exotic pet options to choose from around the world.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) regulates exotic animal imports because they sometimes carry diseases, given their wild nature. If you find your new best friend outside the U.S., you’ll likely have to contact an APHIS import specialist to inquire about potential forms and vaccinations.

Most Exotic Pets You Can Own in America

Anyone who wants an animal wildly different from a dog or cat should check their local and state laws regarding exotic pets. You can keep them in mind as you compare the most exotic pets allowed where you live.

1. Foxes

When you start learning about exotic pets you can own, you might start your journey with an animal that’s soft and dog-like. Foxes are an excellent first step into the world of wild animal companions. They’re legally approved as pets in most states, although there are some exceptions to certain species throughout the country. 

Check your state’s laws to see which type of fox you might be able to adopt. They could become the smartest, most playful pet you’ve ever had. You could even end your days strolling around your neighborhood together if you use a leash made with strong Nylon and a harness that securely wraps around your fox’s torso.

2. Tigers

“Tiger King” is just one of the things that inspired people to look into exotic pets in the last decade. Review your state’s laws regarding big cats and exotic species. You might be able to easily get one and hang out with it in your home. As long as you can keep up with their diet and provide a big enough living space, a tiger could become the next beloved member of your family.

3. Alligators

If you live in North Carolina or any of the three other states with no exotic animal laws, you might be able to get that alligator you’ve always wanted. They’re an excellent form of protection if you live in an area with high crime rates. Anyone who sees an alligator inside your fenced-in yard will think twice before breaking in. 

4. Porcupines

Videos of people nuzzling their porcupines with their own go viral on social media. Despite their spiky exterior, porcupines can be affectionate with their owners. Your state laws will provide further clarification if this exotic animal can become part of your family. If they’re legal where you live, learn how to handle porcupines from an expert before bringing your four-legged friend home.

5. Monkeys

You don’t need to arrange a visit to the zoo with your favorite people to see monkeys. They’re some of the most exotic pets people own in America. They’re wild but learn quickly and adapt to indoor living spaces well. It’s another great option if you want a pet who’s more of a companion than a non-domesticated animal. Explore your state’s regulations and potential application process if you want to adopt a capuchin, chimpanzee or squirrel monkey.

6. Prairie Dogs

Prairie dogs are cute exotic pets that people especially adore if they love domesticated dogs. The prairie dog is smart, affectionate and vocal. You’ll have plenty of laughs as you explore life with one of these wild animals by your side. Due to their size and nature, they’re easy to adopt in numerous states. See if your state has an application process before finding an adoption center.

Tips for Getting an Exotic Pet

Once you’ve picked the pet you’d like, it’s time to take the first step toward adoption. If you follow thoughtful preparatory steps, you’ll create the best home possible for your exotic animal.

1. Research Your State’s Laws

People who want an exotic pet should always find out what their state allows or forbids. There’s no singular federal law granting permission for all non-domesticated animals. If you have any questions, contact a local representative of your agricultural branch or wildlife organization. They’ll help you find whoever you need to speak with regarding your specific desired pet.

2. Find a Local Veterinarian Before Adopting

Dogs and cats can go to any veterinarian’s office. Exotic animals require specialists. As you consider which type of animal you want to adopt, look up veterinarians in your region. You might not live close to one who treats alligators, but if a local clinic cares for monkeys, you’ll better understand which exotic pet will have the happiest life in your home. They’ll likely need routine vaccinations and eventual age-related care, so this is a crucial step in exotic animal adoption.

3. Double-Check Your Living Space Requirements

A fox might fit in the same house as a mid-sized dog, but that doesn’t mean it’s the best home for them. Your state’s regulations should help you identify how much living space your future pet will need. Illinois requires at least 32 square feet of free room for a single fox. If you don’t give your animal enough room to run around, they’ll feel cooped up and potentially become aggressive.

You’ll also need to consider the requirements of your living space. You might not be able to get an animal, even from the cute exotic pets, if you pay rent. Talk with your landlord about the pet clause in your lease. They’ll explain if they’ll allow any kind of exotic animal or what you’d need to do to prepare your rental unit for one.

Explore Cute Exotic Pets You Can Own

There are numerous exotic pets you can own, but it’s specific to your state and living situation. Have fun daydreaming about the potential animals that could become your new best friends before researching what’s legal to own in your region. Your state or local government can address any questions you might have, along with your potential landlord. If you get as much information as possible, you’ll feel confident that you’re bringing the right animal home.

The post From Porcupines to Alligators: Exotic Pets You Can Own in Different States appeared first on Modded.

The Mazda Miata is a canvas for automotive artists to paint as they please. This tiny car packs a punch with its stock engine, but you can take it to the next level by swapping the engine. What are the best Mazda Miata engine swaps? Knowing which motors work for your vehicle is critical before getting the tools out. Here’s a guide to making your modded Mazda Miata the coolest one on the block. 

What Are the Best Mazda Miata Engine Swaps of 2024?

Choosing an engine swap over forced induction lets you get creative with your customization. The motor you pick will significantly influence your performance, so carefully scrutinize each option. These nine Miata engine swaps heighten power, handling, efficiency and more.

Hellcat

When you think of motor swaps, a Miata with a Hellcat engine might not be the first to come to mind. Still, you should consider the Dodge SRT Hellcat’s engine if you’re looking for power. The Mazda MX-5 Miata maxed out at 181 whp, whereas the Hellcat gives you over 700 whp at 6000 RPM. 

One thing you’ll need to consider is the weight distribution. The Hellcat weighs over 4,000 lbs and gives you one of the biggest engine options in a Miata, significantly affecting your vehicle’s handling.

The Hellcat’s V8 engine would disrupt your Miata’s balance, sending the weight to the front and making driving more challenging. Suddenly, driving around curves and corners becomes dangerous.

The Miata’s engine bay is designed to have a small motor, so fitting this V8 engine will require you to modify the subframe, exhaust system, engine mounts and more. The sheer size makes the motor more suitable for a Dodge Ram, but it can fit with the magic touch. 

• Compression Ratio: 9.5:1
• Displacement: 6.2L (6,166 cc)
• Piston Stroke: 90.9mm 
• Power: 717 whp
• Torque: 649 wtq
• Weight: 247-259kg

GM LFX V6 

If you want a powerful engine but are hesitant about the Hellcat, consider the GM LFX V6. This motor provides a terrific spark of power but fits more naturally into your Miata. You’ll get up to 323 whp from this high-performing lightweight engine.

You’ll typically find the LFX V6 in Chevrolet Camaros, so imagine that comparison in your Miata engine swap. The exhaust note alone impressed us on this engine swap, so it’s worth the time if you want increased torque and a more muscle-car feel.

The LFX V6 is bigger, but your Miata’s engine bay should accompany the new engine without much adjustment. The motor is also longer, so the weight distribution won’t be a limiting factor.

• Compression Ratio: 11.5:1
• Displacement: 3.6L (3,564 cc)
• Piston Stroke: 85.6mm
• Power: 300-323 whp
• Torque: 264-278 wtq
• Weight: 157kg

If you want a more eco-friendly Miata swap, the GM Ecotec engine is a solid option. This motor might not be as fuel-efficient as hybrids on the market, but it has enhanced fuel efficiency. 

Honda K20

The Honda K-Series engines provide the easiest Miata engine swap selections because they fit seamlessly. This exchange is preferable if you have less experience with engine swaps or don’t want to alter your Miata too much.

The K-20 motor’s performance depends on your selection because there are plenty of options. The K20A1 is the first in the series, featuring 156 whp at 6,500 rpm and 139 lb-ft of torque. 

Regardless of your pick, the K20 is much lighter and maintains your Miata’s ideal weight distribution. Thus, your Miata will continue to excel in its handling and balance.

Choosing the K20 gives you variability because this engine’s aftermarket support is robust. You can further tune the motor to your liking and add even more whp if desired. Plus, the aftermarket makes it easier to repair if something goes awry.

• Compression Ratio: 9.7:1 – 11.7:1
• Displacement: 2.0L (1,996 cc)
• Piston Stroke: 85.9mm
• Power: 156-306 whp
• Torque: 139-295 wtq
• Weight: 183.7kg

Honda K24

Honda is a solid automaker for young people buying cars and anybody wanting a reliable vehicle. That said, the Japanese manufacturer also makes excellent engines for swaps.  

The Honda K24 is among the most common Miata engine swaps, with Soichiro Honda’s K-Series engines fitting well inside your vehicle. They’ll work similarly in your Miata, but there are a few differences to consider.

The K24 has a higher displacement at 2.4L, allowing you more torque and power than the average engine. Picking a K24 engine adds over three kilograms to your engine bay, which may seem minuscule. Still, the difference could be significant for your Miata’s weight distribution.

Selecting between the two depends on your preferences. The K24 offers more low-end torque, whereas the K20 offers higher rpm. In terms of price, the K20 is generally more affordable due to its long life on the market.

• Compression Ratio: 9.6:1 – 11.6:1
• Displacement: 2.4L (2,354 cc)
• Piston Stroke: 99.0-99.1mm
• Power: 160-206 whp
• Torque: 162-182 wtq
• Weight: 187kg

Honda J-Series V6

Honda engines fit well inside Miata engine bays, so you should also consider the J-Series. These V6 engines are popular alongside the LFX swaps because of their high horsepower and increased performance.

The J-series has numerous options varying in horsepower and displacement, allowing flexibility in your swap. This wide selection makes it a contender to be the easiest Miata engine swap on the market.

J-Series engines are lightweight, starting as low as 113kg and maxing out around 163kg. Thus, the transition to these engines will be easy for your Miata. The low-end torque makes it easy to keep your Miata as a daily driver.

There are some challenges with the J-series engines. For example, the aftermarket community isn’t as large as the K-series and other engines. Plus, these V6 engines have unique wiring and electronic systems that may confuse the average Miata owner when transitioning.

• Compression Ratio: 10.0:1 – 11.2:1
• Displacement: 3.5L (3,471 cc) – 3.7L (3,664 cc)
• Piston Stroke: 89.0-90.0mm
• Power: 205-310 whp
• Torque: 217-275 wtq
• Weight: 113-163kg

LSx V8

If you kick it old school, the LSx V8 engine suits you. An LS-swapped Miata is more common for older models, so consider that when looking at your options. The LS engines have a large community worldwide, so finding swap kits and advice will be more manageable than other motors.

These engines are best if you want high horsepower with a lighter engine than the SRT Hellcat. The weight will slightly affect the Miata’s handling, so consider suspension changes with the LSx V8.

The Miata engine bay fits this V8 engine without much of a hitch. You may need to adjust the firewall or mounts or cut the frame rails to fit your NA or NB Miata, making the LS swap easier if you have the NC Miata.

Like the K-Series, the LS engines have a long history and numerous editions. The 5.3L engine is the most common LS motor and could be the one in your Miata. 

• Compression Ratio: 9.6:1
• Displacement: 5.3L (5,327 cc)
• Piston Stroke: 91.95mm
• Power: 300-326 whp
• Torque: 330-348 wtq
• Weight: 195-226kg

Mazda 13B

Looking at the best engine swap options, you may hesitate to shoot for a rotary swap. However, you should consider it, starting with the Mazda 13B. It may seem painful, but it’s worth the time.

The 13B engine matches well with the third-generation NC Miata, which Mazda produced from 2006 to 2015. The 13B’s rotary design is beneficial because of its power delivery and wider broadband. Therefore, it’s way more fun to drive.

You may encounter some problems with the 13B motor because rotary engines are unique. These engines are typically less fuel efficient than your Miata’s piston engines. Plus, they often require more maintenance. 

However, you’ll love the 13B when you hear the rotary engine. Mazda has made the 13B since 1978, so you have plenty of options for your swap. 

• Compression Ratio: 8.5:1 – 9.7:1
• Displacement: 1.3L (1,308 cc)
• Piston Stroke: N/A
• Power:  135-280 whp
• Torque: 130-231 wtq
• Weight: 149-152kg

Nissan SR20DET

If you’re searching for a turbocharged engine, the Nissan SR20DET has you covered. This engine has electronic fuel injection and gives the Nissan compact sports their power.

Giving your Miata an SR20 engine allows flexibility on the horsepower, with the standard editions around 200 whp and the modded versions eclipsing 300 whp. The turbocharged engine also allows for better low-end and mid-range torque. Miatas aren’t muscle cars, but they’ll feel closer to that standard with this swap. 

A significant benefit of the SR20DET is its weight. It’s not exactly a feather with its 400-pound weight — but it will maintain the superb handling on your Miata. Another factor to consider is the SR20 has a large aftermarket community, making it easy to adjust your Miata even more after your engine swap.

Compression Ratio: 8.5:1 (red top, silver top) 8.5:1 / 8.3:1 (black top)

Displacement: 2.0L (1998 cc)

Piston Stroke: 86mm 

Power: 201-246 whp

Torque: 203 wtq

Weight: 181kg

Toyota 1GZ-FE V12

The Hellcat isn’t the only unconventional engine swap on the list. If you’re looking for power, the Toyota 1GZ-FE V12 engine packs a punch and will elevate your Miata to the next level.

This V12 engine — like the Hellcat — would increase the horsepower to over 300. Your acceleration and top speed will get much higher. However, the weight will also drastically affect your Miata.

The 1GZ-FE V12 weighs about 300kg and is the biggest engine you can put in a Miata. You’ll need to overhaul the mounts and other supporting engine components.

Nonetheless, the swap is worth it if you want a loud and proud motor. When you hear a Miata with a V12 inside, you’ll understand why we love this engine swap so much.

• Compression Ratio: 10.5:1
• Cylinder Bore: 81mm
• Displacement: 4.9L (4996 cc)
• Piston Stroke: 73.7mm 
• Power: 280-312 whp
• Torque: 460-481 wtq
• Weight: 295kg

Toyota 2JZ-GE

Another Toyota engine worth considering is the 2JZ, one of the most popular motors from the 1990s and 2000s. Toyota manufactured the engine from 1991 to 1996 and divided it into two generations.

If you want your Mazda Miata modded with a Toyota engine, the 2JZ offers a couple of options. The GTE gives you more performance but is far from the cheapest Miata engine swap. 

The 2JZ-GE is a more budget-friendly accommodation and packs a punch with its power. If you like Toyota power, you may also like the 1.5JZ. 

Like Toyota’s V12 engine, you must consider the 2JZ-GE’s size and weight. A 230kg engine may need special accommodations to ensure it doesn’t harm your Miata.  

• Compression Ratio: 10.0:1 (10.5:1 with VVT-i system) 
• Cylinder Bore: 86m
• Displacement: 3.0L (2,997 cc)
• Piston Stroke: 86mm
• Power: 215-230 whp
• Torque: 279-304 wtq
• Weight: 230kg

Finding the Easiest Miata Engine Swap

Before purchasing an engine and grabbing the torque wrench, it’s essential to understand how engine swaps work. Here are eight factors you need to consider when undergoing this process.

Compatibility

The first measure is to ensure your Miata is compatible with the engine you’re inserting. For example, examine your engine mounts to align the motor inside your engine bay correctly. 

Getting the correct mounts for your Miata engine swap is crucial to setting up the rest of the process. Look at the transmission as an example — the mounts align your engine with the transmission to transfer power. You’ll be in trouble from the start with incompatible engine mounts.

Weight

Next, consider the weight. Miatas are famously lightweight and fun to drive. You’ll need to watch the weight of your engine swap to ensure you get the same experience.

Specifically, you’ll need to watch the weight distribution. A dramatic weight change can negatively affect your balance and fundamentally change the car. Ensure the Miata engine swap has the same or an improved weight distribution to maintain your handling.

Tuning Goals

Tuning is one of the most fun things you can do with a car. That said, you must enter the task with a basis of what you want to do. Are you looking for the easiest or cheapest Miata engine swap? If you have a large budget, you could swing for the fences and get a big engine. 

After you understand your budget, move to the performance aspects. Are you looking for better fuel mileage or engine performance? Consider the horsepower, torque, handling and the other aspects of a good motor in your Miata. 

Electrical System

One of the pesky parts of engine swaps is dealing with the electrical system. This complex infrastructure requires you to investigate the engine’s amperage, sensors and gauges.

Check the wiring harnesses, control modules, electrical fan circuits, and other parts of the electrical system in your Miata engine and the swapped motor. Do you need to modify the wiring? If so, you may need some aftermarket help linking the two.

Cooling System

Cooling systems are easier to swap than electrical units but still require work and investigation. Newer engines get much hotter than the one in your Miata from the ’90s, so you’ll need enhanced cooling for the motor.

Check your Miata’s radiator and intercooler to see if it can support the replaced engine. If not, you’ll need additional cooling components and modifications to assist your radiator. The last thing you want is a blown engine on your first day with what you thought was the best Miata engine swap.

Fuel System

Another critical component to inspect is your fuel system. Inspect your Miata’s fuel pressure, fuel pump capacity, injector size and more to keep them as close as possible to the swapped motor. Your priority should be ensuring fuel delivery is as smooth as your original engine’s.

Then, consider fuel compatibility. Your Miata uses gasoline, but the swapped engine may require diesel or alternative fuel. In this case, you’ll need to change the fuel tank, lines and injector to install the new system.

Exhaust

Nowadays, you don’t want to compromise engine efficiency, so your swap must consider the exhaust system. Check the swapped engine to ensure it’s compatible with your Miata’s exhaust manifold. A good exhaust system means you’ll maintain your horsepower and torque, leading to increased performance on the road.

Plus, your exhaust system will significantly influence the noise emitted from your car. It’s essential to check the exhaust notes from your swapped engine to see if you need to make any alterations to the system.

Transmission

While a Miata with a Hellcat engine sounds fun, you must consider the transmission compatibility. Finding a great motor doesn’t matter if your engine and transmission don’t match. 

How can you gauge their compatibility? Start by checking the gear ratios because it’s critical they match. If the engine is too powerful for the transmission, you’re in trouble because you’ll cause excessive strain and compromise performance. 

Emissions Compliance

Noise pollution is a concern for your exhaust — so is greenhouse gas pollution. Twenty-nine states require emissions tests to register a vehicle, so emissions compliance should be one of your highest priorities in a state like California.

Your Miata’s exhaust system should have updated catalytic converters and oxygen sensors to control its emissions. One way to reduce your Miata’s emissions is to convert it into a battery-electric vehicle or use a highly efficient engine like the GM Ecotec.

Budget

Engine swaps are fun projects for gearheads, but you need to consider your budget for time and money. This process will take hours of manual labor and a few thousand dollars. However, look at the project as an investment — you’ll garner the benefits of a swapped engine, such as increased horsepower, torque and fuel efficiency.

If you’re not confident in your mechanical abilities, consider hiring a professional to exchange the engines. They’ll ensure your swap goes smoothly and may require less time and money than if you did the process yourself.

Are Miatas Easy to Work On?

If you decide to do the engine swap, you can help yourself by getting a Miata engine swap skit. This toolkit will set you up for success and ensure the process runs smoothly. Your homemade Miata swap kit should include these 10 items.

Compression Tester

First, you should test your engine’s health, which you can accomplish through a compression tester. This device tells you the compression pressure in each engine cylinder. Low pressure could mean a few things, such as leaky valves, gasket issues or worn pistons.

Use your compression tester on the current and swapped engine to compare their health. You’ll have a baseline for the cylinder pressure, making it easier to diagnose engine problems down the road.

Hand Tools

Hand tools make the engine swap more manageable, so ensure your Miata engine swap kit includes the following:

• Flathead and Phillips-head screwdrivers
• Hammer
• Impact and Allen wrenches
• Socket set
• Pliers
• Pry bars

Engine Crane

Another way to make your engine swap easier is to have an engine crane, also known as a cherry picker. This device does the heavy lifting if the engine weighs too much for you to remove manually. You’ll also benefit from more precise positioning when aligning the engine mounts and increased safety for everyone involved.

Jack Stands

Removing your Miata’s engine makes the vehicle temporarily unstable, so you’ll need jack stands to maintain the balance during the engine swap. 

Jack stands are preferable to hydraulic jacks because they’re reliable and provide adequate support for your car. The engine swap could take a few hours, so having jack stand support is essential.

Transmission Jack

While the engine needs support, don’t forget about your transmission jack. This tool is essential because you want to prevent this crucial part from falling. You also make it easier to work on if it needs assistance. 

The transmission jack also heightens accuracy when you reinstall it in your vehicle. Prioritize good care for your transmission because you don’t want its light on your dashboard popping up on your first Miata drive. 

Engine Mounts

Another critical point of support comes from your engine mounts. These devices keep your engine inside the bay and align the motor with the chassis.

Your new engine could be heavier or have a different weight distribution, so the engine mounts ensure the bay can support the load across the chassis. Also, revving the new engine could shift the motor, so having the mounts is essential.

Brackets

Brackets are tiny enough to fit in your hand but are integral to the engine swap process. Primarily, you’ll need them for your engine mounting. Your swapped engine may have different mounting points, so the brackets help your new motor adapt.

These are also critical for integrating every component of the swapped engine into your vehicle. For example, you may need brackets for the power steering pump, air conditioning compressor or alternator.

Fluid Transfer Pump

Before swapping engines, you’ll need to drain the old one of its fluids — including the oil, coolant, transmission fluid and more. Make the process easier with a fluid transfer pump in your Miata engine swaps because they ensure clean draining.

If you’re not careful, the fluid transfer could get messy. For example, the coolant system could begin bleeding after air pockets get trapped in it. Your transfer pump mitigates the bleeding by freeing the air in the cooling system.

Multimeter

Multimeters help before and after the engine swap to test the electrical components of your engine. This device lets you measure voltage and identify wiring issues or faulty sensors.

For example, multimeters are excellent for continuity testing. These devices can identify breaks in the wiring or open circuits. After using the multimeter, you’ll know if and where repairs are necessary for your engine’s wires.

Safety Gear

Don’t discount safety when working on your engine swap. You never know what accidents can arise, so the last thing you want is an injury in your garage. 

Protect your body and garage by assembling a first-aid kit and wearing eye protection at all times. Fires shouldn’t be an issue because Miatas are easy to work on and don’t carry this risk. If you work with power tools, wear ear protection to safeguard your hearing. 

Comparing Forced Induction and Engine Swaps

Miata engine swaps are popular upgrades if you want something different under the hood, but you can opt for forced induction instead. Which route should you take? Let’s look at the benefits of each.

Forced Induction 

Forced induction is popular if you want to turbocharge your Miata. The pros of forced induction include the following:

• Originality: Using forced induction, you can keep your current engine. If you’re a Miata purist, you’ll appreciate maintaining the identity of your engine.
• Cost: You’re keeping the engine in place, so forced induction costs are typically lower than engine swaps. Plus, it’s more convenient because it involves much less hassle on the mechanical side.
• Aftermarket: The Mazda Miata community is extensive, so you’ll have an easy time finding turbocharger kits for your Miata. These tools make your installation much more manageable.

Engine Swaps

The engine swap option may be more complicated, but it has these benefits compared to forced induction.

• Power: Turbochargers and superchargers can increase your power, but engine swaps heighten your power potential and performance.
• Customization: Forced induction is relatively straightforward, but engine swaps let you be creative with your Miata. As you’ll see later in the guide, there are numerous engines you can take to achieve the performance you like.
• Reliability: If you’re looking for reliability, engine swaps are the better choice. Engine swaps can increase the dependability of your Miata if you choose a durable and robust engine. Forced induction can become a liability by overstressing engine components if you don’t closely manage them.

Getting Creative With the Best Mazda Miata Engine Swaps

The Mazda Miata is a blank canvas for gearheads worldwide. You can create a Miata with a Hellcat engine or a Camaro motor to emulate other famous cars. 

How can you make the vehicle your own? Set up a budget and determine which engine is the most compatible with your Miata and your wallet. 

Also, remember that forced induction is also an option if you want a turbo boost. This tuning ensures your Miata is the fastest car in your friend group. 

Looking to continue improving your engine? Check out our list of the best modifications for better engine performance.

Originally posted Jul 28, 2023 – Updated Aug 12, 2024

The post The Best Mazda Miata Engine Swaps Available in 2024 appeared first on Modded.

You’re halfway up a rock face, fingers cramping, and every muscle in your body is screaming. The next hold seems just out of reach, and the frustration is building. If you’ve ever been there, you know that rock climbing is more than just about strength — it’s about technique. Mastering the proper rock climbing techniques can transform your climb from a struggle to a triumph. Learn about these strategies to help you conquer any wall with confidence and finesse.

Embrace the Basics: The Foundation of Rock Climbing Techniques

Before becoming a climbing pro, you must master the basics. These foundational rock climbing techniques will set the stage for your ascent.

Footwork: The Key to Efficiency

Proper footwork is crucial in rock climbing. Many beginners focus too much on their upper body strength, but experienced climbers know that strong, precise footwork can make all the difference. Use the following tips to improve your footwork:

Use Your Toes

Place the tips of your toes on footholds to maximize your reach and balance. This strategy gives you more control and helps distribute your weight more efficiently.

Practice Silent Feet

Aim for quiet, deliberate foot placements. This method reduces energy expenditure and increases your precision.

Master Smearing

When footholds are scarce, use the rubber of your climbing shoes to create friction against the rock face. This technique — known as smearing — can provide stability on smooth surfaces.

Body Positioning: Finding Your Balance

Efficient body positioning can make a significant difference in your climbing. Proper alignment and movement reduce the strain on your muscles and conserve energy. Keep these principles in mind:

Center of Gravity

Keep your hips close to the wall to reduce the pull on your arms. This strategy is known as “staying close to the rock.” It helps you stay balanced and makes climbing easier.

Flagging

This concept involves extending one leg away from the wall to counterbalance your body. It’s a useful rock climbing technique when reaching for a hold far from your centerline.

Twisting and Turning

Use your body’s natural movement to your advantage. Twist your hips and shoulders into the wall to reach further and create more stability.

Intermediate Rock Climbing Techniques: Stepping Up Your Game

Once you’ve got the basics down, it’s time to incorporate more advanced rock climbing techniques. These methods will help you tackle tougher routes and improve your overall performance.

Heel Hooking and Toe Hooking

Heal and toe hooking are advanced techniques that provide additional leverage and stability.

Heel Hooking

This strategy involves hooking your heel over a hold to pull yourself up. It’s particularly useful on overhangs and roofs, where upper body strength alone might not suffice.

Toe Hooking

This method uses the top of your toes to hook onto holds. It’s often employed when you need to maintain body tension and prevent swinging off the wall.

Dynos: Embracing Dynamic Movement

A dynamic move — or dyno — involves leaping from one hold to another. While it requires explosive power and precise timing, mastering dynos can help you navigate routes with spaced-out holds.

Build Momentum

Swing your body to generate momentum before leaping.

Commit Fully

Hesitation can lead to missed holds and potential falls. Commit fully to the move to increase your chances of success.

Crack Climbing: Mastering the Art of Jamming

Crack climbing involves using specific techniques to ascend fissures in the rock. It requires a unique set of skills and can be physically demanding.

Hand Jams

Insert your hand into the crack and expand it by cupping or making a fist to create a secure hold.

Foot Jams

Like hand jams, foot jams involve wedging your foot into the crack and twisting it to lock it in place.

Advanced Rock Climbing Techniques: Elevating to Expert Levels

For those who have mastered the basics and intermediate techniques, advanced rock climbing techniques will push your limits and refine your skills.

Mantling: The Top-Out Technique

Mantling is used to pull yourself up and over a ledge or the top of a climb.

Palm Down

Place your palms down on the ledge and push your body up.

High Feet

Bring your feet up high to create leverage and push off with your legs.

Advanced Footwork: Edging and Smearing

While basic footwork is crucial, advanced techniques like edging and smearing can enhance climbing efficiency.

Edging

Use the edges of your climbing shoes to stand on small holds. This strategy requires precise foot placement and balance.

Smearing

Apply more advanced smearing techniques to maximize friction on smooth surfaces, allowing for better control.

Overcoming Challenges: Common Struggles and Solutions

Rock climbing isn’t just about physical strength — it’s also a mental game. Here are some common challenges men face while climbing and how to overcome them:

Fear of Falling

Even the most seasoned climbers can experience a fear of falling. Here’s how to manage it:

Practice Falls

Familiarize yourself with falling in a controlled environment. This stategy can help reduce anxiety and build confidence.

Visualize Success

Use visualization techniques to imagine successfully completing the climb. This technique can boost your mental resilience.

Plateauing in Progress

Hitting a plateau in your climbing progress can be frustrating. Here’s how to break through:

Try Different Routes

Vary your climbing routes to challenge different muscle groups and techniques.

Set Small Goals

Break down your climbing goals into smaller, achievable milestones. This method keeps you motivated and focused.

Building Endurance

Rock climbing requires stamina and endurance. Here’s how to build it:

Cross-Training

Incorporate cardio and strength training into your routine to build overall fitness.

Rest and Recovery

Allow your body time to recover between climbs to prevent injury and maintain performance.

Gear Up: Essential Equipment for Rock Climbing

Having the right gear is crucial for rock climbing success. Here’s a quick rundown of essential equipment:

Climbing Shoes

When climbing, your feet are among your greatest tools — invest in high-quality climbing shoes that fit snugly and provide excellent grip.

Chalk and Chalk Bag

Keep your hands dry and improve your grip with chalk.

Harness and Belay Device

Ensure your safety with a reliable harness and belay device.

Climbing Rope

Choose a dynamic climbing rope that meets safety standards.

Take the Challenge

Rock climbing is a thrilling and rewarding pursuit that challenges both your body and mind. Mastering these rock climbing techniques will enable you to tackle any wall and elevate your climbing game. Remember, every climb is an opportunity to improve and push your limits. So, gear up, stay ahead of the curve and embrace the climb. The wall is yours to conquer!

The post Proven Rock Climbing Techniques To Conquer Any Wall appeared first on Modded.

When you think about things that could go wrong with your car, you probably think about your engine, tires or frame. However, one little device could mean big problems for your vehicle — the camshaft position sensor. Is it safe to drive with a bad camshaft sensor? Here’s what you need to know.

What Is a Camshaft Sensor?

A camshaft position sensor is a device that monitors your engine’s inlet and exhaust valves. It sends the information to your car’s main computer — the electric control unit (ECU). The ECU collects data from various sensors across the vehicle to ensure the internal combustion engine gets adequate air, fuel and spark at the right time to work as intended and run efficiently.

Although it’s just one of many eyes the ECU relies on to keep tabs on your vehicle’s performance, the cam sensor plays a more vital role than others. It ensures the camshaft’s position is optimal to support proper intake, compression, combustion and exhaust. One discrepancy can deprive intake and exhaust gases enough room to move freely.

As its name suggests, the camshaft position sensor only keeps an eye on the camshaft, which is at the top of an engine. This sensor reads how well your engine’s cylinders move to synchronize how your engine’s electric coils and fuel injectors activate.

However, the cam sensor is clueless about what’s going on with the bottom half. It works with the crankshaft position sensor to paint the whole picture for the ECU.

The crankshaft controls the movement of pistons. The position of pistons and valves must align to allow air and fuel to flow through correctly.

You can usually find a camshaft sensor in the valve cover at the top of your car’s engine. Sometimes, manufacturers will place it on a cylinder head. Depending on an engine’s complexity, there may be more than one.

Camshaft sensors are hardy. Their circuitry can operate in hostile environments and resist electromagnetic interference or power spokes. Most are magnetic and can generate an alternate current for the electronic control module. Some models do need a separate power source.

What Happens When a Camshaft Sensor Goes Bad?

Your vehicle’s cam sensor can fail due to normal wear and tear. If you get into an accident, the impact can damage this component. Regardless of the nature of its failure, it spells disaster. The ECU will receive low-quality information if it can’t collect and transmit accurate data, defeating the purpose of car engine monitoring for optimum performance.

When this happens, the vehicle can burn more fuel than necessary or less than needed. You may experience a rough engine idle from rest. Your engine may stall and turn your vehicle into a road hazard. You may not be able to start your car at all.

Symptoms of a Bad Camshaft Sensor

Diagnosing a camshaft position sensor failure can be challenging. It manifests itself in various car problems, which also suggest other issues. The most common symptoms include the following.

Illuminated Check Engine Light

A broken camshaft position sensor is one of the reasons this dashboard light comes alive. The other causes for concern include:

• Damaged alternator
• Defective ignition coils
• Dwindling fluid levels
• Dying battery
• Faulty wires
• Inoperative spark plugs
• Malfunctioning mass airflow sensor
• Missing catalytic converter
• Unsound exhaust pipe
• Vacuum leak
• Worn-out timing belt

The list goes on and on. Your car’s internal combustion engine has hundreds of parts, so it could be anything. Hooking a specialized computer into the onboard diagnostics-II port below the steering wheel near the door may aid your search.

Declining Fuel Efficiency

Aren’t you getting the same mileage out of your vehicle as before? Your camshaft position sensor may be shot. Clogged fuel injectors, an old air filter, a dirty oxygen sensor, unsuitable engine oil, deflated tires and misaligned wheels can also explain it.

Dirtier Emissions

Your automobile can’t burn fuel efficiently with a failing cam sensor. Expect the same result when you delay an oil change, there’s excessive fuel in the air/fuel mixture or your gas cap is loose.

Unburned Fuel Smell

If your camshaft sensor has seen better days, it can interfere with combustion. Your engine can’t burn all fuel, causing the unused amount to find its way out of the tailpipe and make its presence known by giving off a distinct gas odor.

Moreover, you can catch a whiff of gas fumes when your vehicle’s evaporative emissions system or fuel lines are leaky.

Transmission Shifting Woes

If your car enters limp mode to reduce the maximum speed it can go, its ECU may have detected something wrong with the cam position sensor, integrity of electrical wires or adequacy of transmission fluid level.

Engine Misfires

Camshaft sensors can have a hand in incorrect internal combustion reactions, and so can fuel mismatches, spark plugs, timing belts and vacuum lines.

Acceleration Hesitation

A compromised cam sensor is one of the reasons your engine may hesitate when stepping on the gas pedal, rendering your vehicle virtually impossible to drive. Other possibilities include issues with fuel delivery, the ignition system, circuits, vacuums and control modules.

While these symptoms could indicate other problems, a combination of these is common with a bad camshaft sensor.

Is It Safe to Drive With a Bad Camshaft Sensor?

The short answer is “no.” Though it might seem small and insignificant, your camshaft sensor sends vital information to the rest of your system, ensuring you can safely control your vehicle. You’ll put yourself and anyone else who drives your car at risk if you don’t remedy the issue as soon as possible.

Though everything could still be normal, you don’t want to take the chance.

How Long Can You Drive With a Bad Camshaft Sensor?

You could continue to drive with a bad cam sensor for as long as the engine doesn’t die. However, staying on the road without replacing your faulty component is ill-advised. The camshaft position sensor serves a critical function. Overlooking its significance endangers you, your fellow car occupants and the other motorists you cross paths with.

How Long Does It Take to Replace a Camshaft Sensor?

The good news is that changing your camshaft sensor is easy, and many car owners choose to do it themselves. Consult your car’s maintenance handbook to find out the camshaft position sensor’s location under the hood and how to detach and reattach it as your vehicle’s manufacturer recommends.

These sensors are available at various price points at automotive stores or online marketplaces. Purchase a new model to ensure the replacement will properly function. 

While vehicles are different, adding a new camshaft sensor is generally straightforward. Once you disconnect the negative battery cable and remove the sensor, you’ll need to replace the O-ring seal and install the new sensor.

Avoid Driving With a Bad Camshaft Sensor

Your camshaft sensor is critical in ensuring your car operates safely and efficiently. If you suspect you have a bad camshaft sensor, it’s best to address it immediately so your vehicle remains safe to drive and knows if there is a potential problem. 

With a little research, replacing your camshaft sensor is fairly easy. Consult with an experienced mechanic if you have any questions about whether you properly replaced it.

Looking to learn more? Check out our complete car maintenance checklist and work your way toward becoming an expert home mechanic.

Originally posted 11/16/2023 – Updated 8/9/2024

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